Background and Objectives: As the Korean population ages fast, it is estimated that the people with hypertension, especially female patients, will increase rapidly. However, there are few data comparing the size of female and male hypertensive patients in the Korean population. Thus we assessed sex-specific trends in the prevalence and the number of people with hypertension. Methods: We analyzed data for 128,949 adults aged ≥20 years with valid blood pressure measurements from the 1998 to 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The prevalence and the absolute number of hypertension were estimated with taking into the sampling weights separately for women and men. Results: Overall prevalence of hypertension is higher in men than in women. But, in older adults, women show higher prevalence and the number of people with hypertension. Between 1998 and 2018, prevalence of hypertension increased from 61.8% to 65.9% in elderly (age 65+) women, and from 49.0% to 59.4% in elderly men. During the same period, the number of elderly women with hypertension increased from 1.18 to 2.70 million, while the number of elderly men with hypertension increased from 0.57 to 1.78 million. Among hypertensive patients, undiagnosed hypertension and diagnosed-but-untreated hypertension were more common in men, while treated-but-uncontrolled hypertension were more common in women. Conclusion The fast-growing number of elderly women with hypertension will be an important public health challenge for the Korean society to solve in order to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geographic distribution of hypertension management in Korea has never been reported. We investigated temporal and regional trends of hypertension management in Korea. METHODS: For each calendar year from 2002 to 2016, we identified 2,423,245 to 7,549,989 persons aged ≥30 years treated for hypertension (total 80,564,109 cases). We calculated yearly age-sex standardized rates for medication adherence, combination therapy, blood test, and urine test according to geographic regions. We then used multivariate logistic regression to calculate odds ratios for hypertension management adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: Adherence rates have markedly increased from 24.4% (2002) to 71.6% (2016) nationwide. Regional difference was prominent in 2002 (highest, 31.7% in Seoul; lowest, 14.4% in Jeonbuk), but has become less noticeable over 15 years (highest, 73.1% in Daejeon; lowest, 69.0% in Jeonnam, 2016). Combination therapy rates increased from 42.8% (2002) to 61.0% (2011), but are in decreasing trend after 2011. Blood test rates were 58.8% in 2016, whereas urine test rates have been stagnant below 50% across all regions. Geographic variations of combination therapy and complication screening rates were not profound. Results from multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for age and sex, were in agreement with trends observed by standardized rates. The odds ratios remained unchanged when the models were further adjusted for employment status and household income. CONCLUSIONS: Regional difference in hypertension management was evident in the past, but has become less apparent over the last 15 years in Korea.
Employment ; Family Characteristics ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Medication Adherence ; Odds Ratio ; Seoul ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis

Background and Objectives: This study compared the potential impacts of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH) guidelines on prevalence of hypertension, recommended antihypertensive treatment, and achievement of target blood pressure (BP) in Korean population. Methods: We analyzed the 2007–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to calculate guideline-specific hypertension prevalence and treatment implications on 59,767 adults aged 20 years or older by sex and age. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was markedly higher 46.3% by the ACC/AHA guideline due to the lowered BP cutoff than 25.9% by the KSH guideline; the increase was most pronounced in young adults. Yet, there was only a marginal 1.6% increase in the percentage of adults suggested pharmacological approach by the ACC/AHA guideline, but selectively in the older subgroups. Overall, 45.6% of Korean adults treated for hypertension failed to meet BP goal according to the KSH guideline; the underachievement extended to 61.7% of participants according to the ACC/AHA guideline. Conclusions The lowered BP threshold, 130/80 mmHg, by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, in conjuncture with 10-year risk calculation largely driven by age, would increase pharmacological treatment preferentially in very old individuals, while increasing prevalence and uncontrolled rate mostly in younger subgroups. Adoption of lower BP cutoff to the KSH guideline would require validated cardiovascular disease risk assessment tools accounting for risk distributions specific to Korean population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geographic distribution of hypertension management in Korea has never been reported. We investigated temporal and regional trends of hypertension management in Korea. METHODS: For each calendar year from 2002 to 2016, we identified 2,423,245 to 7,549,989 persons aged ≥30 years treated for hypertension (total 80,564,109 cases). We calculated yearly age-sex standardized rates for medication adherence, combination therapy, blood test, and urine test according to geographic regions. We then used multivariate logistic regression to calculate odds ratios for hypertension management adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: Adherence rates have markedly increased from 24.4% (2002) to 71.6% (2016) nationwide. Regional difference was prominent in 2002 (highest, 31.7% in Seoul; lowest, 14.4% in Jeonbuk), but has become less noticeable over 15 years (highest, 73.1% in Daejeon; lowest, 69.0% in Jeonnam, 2016). Combination therapy rates increased from 42.8% (2002) to 61.0% (2011), but are in decreasing trend after 2011. Blood test rates were 58.8% in 2016, whereas urine test rates have been stagnant below 50% across all regions. Geographic variations of combination therapy and complication screening rates were not profound. Results from multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for age and sex, were in agreement with trends observed by standardized rates. The odds ratios remained unchanged when the models were further adjusted for employment status and household income. CONCLUSIONS Regional difference in hypertension management was evident in the past, but has become less apparent over the last 15 years in Korea.