Introduction: Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. Methods: We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009–2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. Pyrosequencing was used to detect mutations: H275Y [for A(H1N1) and A(H5N1)], E119V [for A(H3N2)] and I117V [for A(H5N1)]. A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) values for all influenza A and B isolates. Results: There were 341 influenza A positive samples identified; influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was identified most frequently (n = 215). In 2009, oseltamivir resistance was observed in 100% (19 of 19) of seasonal A(H1N1) isolates and 1.4% (3/215) of A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates. This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. Discussion: In Viet Nam, seasonal and A(H5N1) influenza vaccines are not currently available; thus, effective treatment is required. The presence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses is therefore a concern. Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued.

Background: Dengue fever remains a major public health problem in Vietnam. It was transmitted through two main Aedes species, namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in which Aedes aegypti played the predominant role in transmitting the dengue viruses (accounted for 94% of the Aedes genus).Different groups of insecticides have been widely used in the community. As a consequence, it increased the resistance level of Aedes vectors to the insecticides. Therefore, a new synthesized insecticide was required for future control and prevention of dengue epidemics. \r\n', u'Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Cynoff 25 ULV in suppressing Aedes species in Vietnam. \r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study was conducted in the entomology laboratory and in the fields of Ha Tay province. ULV spraying was implemented in Hiengiang commune, Thuongtin district, in comparison with a control area, Van Mo commune in Ha Dong town.\r\n', u'Results and conclusions: : Cynoff 25 ULV had a high efficacy that kills over 90% of 2 dengue vector species, namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopicctus after 24 hours exposure at the distance of 30 meters from the brass nozzle of a STIHL SR 400 sprayer. In the field trials, Cynoff 25 ULV also had high efficacy in killing Aedes species, e.g. 100% of Aedes species were killed after spraying and the effects lasted for 3 months for Aedes aegypti and one month for Aedes albopictus species. The insecticide had no side-effects or any other adverse effects to humans, livestock and the environment in the intervention areas. \r\n', u'
cynoff 25 ULV ; aedes species ; dengue vectors

Background: Noise pollution has seriously negative effects on worker\u2019s health, especially their hearing ability. Occupational hearing loss is one of 21 insured occupational diseases. Occupational hearing loss is common in workers in transpostation, construction, energy heavy and light industry areas. Objectives: 1. To determine the degree of noise pollution in Thua Thien Hue Unity Auto Mechanical Joint Stock Company. 2. To evaluate occupational failing hearing and occupational hearing loss among workers in the company. 3. To promote preventive measures which imnimize occupational failing hearing and occupational hearing loss. Subjects and method:A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in 254 employees in Thua Thien Hue Unity Auto Mechanical \r\n', u'Joint Stock Company. Results and Conclusion: 72.7% the employees of Thua Thien Hue Unity Auto Mechanical \r\n', u'Joint Stock Company have exposed to environmental noise at the level higher than the permitted one. The rate of occupational failing hearing among these people is rather high (33.1%), and occupational hearing loss rate is 11.8%. There is a increased rate of occupational hearing loss according to the employee\u2019s age and seniority. Proposed preventive measures should be immediately conducted (P < 0.05).\r\n', u'
Hearing Loss ; Noise-Induced/ epidemiology ; etiology ; pathology ;

Background: According to statistical data of the Vietnam Ministry of Health, there were 124,223 people with positive HIV, 23,661 AIDS patients and 13,649 AIDS- related deaths up to April 30th 2007. The major transmission route is injection. Objectives: (1) To compare the characteristics of drug use in users with different time. (2) To describe the health issues and health service access of young male drug users. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out using a combination of medical anthropology and epidemiology methods. 1.115 young male drug users in Ha Noi between September 2004 and September 2005 were divided into 4 groups of the equivalence number, but with different drug using history. Results and conclusion: The newer drug users (within 2 years) started using drug later than the older ones, more of them started using by injecting; they transfer from smoking/sniffing to injecting as well as trying and using more different types of drugs together in shorter time than others. The proportion of HIV (+) infection in these people was higher, which states the necessity of intervention to help them enhance their knowledge to prevent HIV infection amongst themselves. Mental health care is also needed for drug users, the demand for mental health care increases with the time of drug usage.
young male heroin users

Background: The multiplex polymerase chain reaction can rapidly differentiate taenia spp adults and cysticercose cysts.\r\n', u'Objective: The study aimed to identify taenia spp adults and cysticercose cysts in human by using multiplex PCR\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The multiplex PCR was applied by using the 4 forward and one reverse primer to amplify the target gene cytochrome c oxydase subunit I (COXI) of the Taenia spp in human. T\r\n', u'Results:4 molecular sizes of PCR products were appeared: 269 bp,720 bp, 827 bp, 984 bp. Seventy six samples including 65 flat worms and 11 cysticercose cysts which collected from the patients who are living in 19 different provinces and cities of Northern part of Viet Nam and treated in the clinic of NIMPE were examined. Of 65 flat worms analyzed 35 samples were T.asiatica (58.46%), 27 were T.saginata (41.54%). All 11 cysticercose cysts were T.solium (100%). \r\n', u'Conclusion: The result also indicated that some time 3 Taenia species were found at the same area. A remarkable difference of infection rate was found between men and women, also adults and children. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Taenia spp adults ; cysticercose cysts ; multiplex PCR

Background: In Viet Nam, there were many researches on determining lead level in blood, food and environment. But until now, there were not researches on determining lead level in fishermen community. Objectives: Determine trace amount of lead by von-ampe dissolve anot using electrode BiFE. Analysis on trace amount of lead in blood and urine of fishermen in Canh Duong village. Propose solutions for preventing lead poisoning in studied community. Subjects and method: Fishermen in Canh Duong village, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue province. The method differential pulse-anodic stripping voltametry (DP-ASV) using Bismuth Film Electrodic in situ was successfully applied to measure lead levels in blood and 24h urine of fishermen in Canh Duong village. Results: The mean level of lead in blood of the suspected group (fishermen) in Canh Duong village (34,7 \xb5g/dL) was higher than that of the control group (16,3 \xb5g/dL). For both groups, 37 out of 40 blood samples (92,5%) had lead level higher than WHO\u2019s recommended level (10 \xb5g/dL). Especially, 6 of 40 blood samples (15%) had lead level higher than 50 \xb5g/dL. The lead level in 24h urine of suspected group had slightly higher (about 1,2 times) than that in the control group. The lead level of the two groups was much higher than the normal level. Conclusion: The method DP-ASV/BiFE in situ was applied successfully to determine lead level in blood and 24h urine. The investigative results of related information showed that: the risk of chronic lead poisoning in studied community very high.
Lead/ adverse effects ; chemistry ; antagonists & ; inhibitors ;

A prospective case–control study was conducted in urban districts in Hanoi, northern Vietnam to evaluate the effect of migration on the risk of hospitalisation for dengue in a Vietnamese urban population. We enrolled laboratory-confirmed dengue patients aged >18 years who were hospitalised in local hospitals in November and December 2010. Four neighbourhood-matched controls for each case were recruited within a week of hospitalisation. Sociodemographic data were collected by interviews, and the number of immature and adult mosquitoes within household premises was counted by entomological survey. Matched-pair analyses were conducted using conditional logistic regression models. Among 43 cases and 168 controls, 84% and 83% were migrants from rural areas, respectively. Although statistical significance was marginal, recent migration (residing in study area for <5 years) independently increased the risk of hospitalisation for dengue compared with inhabitants after controlling for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99–14.27), whereas longer-term migration (residing in study area for >6 years) did not change the risk (aOR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.30–4.05). Younger age (18–34 years) (aOR = 7.26; 95% CI = 2.39–22.06) and higher adult Aedes aegypti infestation level within household premises (aOR = 9.25; 95% CI = 1.68–51.09) were also independently associated with hospitalisation for dengue. Recent migration from rural areas seems to increase the risk of hospitalisation for dengue in urban populations in endemic areas. Further research including cohort study should be done to confirm the impact of migration on the risk of dengue in urban areas.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the occurrence rate of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and its related factors in aged women with hydatidiform mole (HM) in Tu Du Hospital, Vietnam. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 372 women aged ≥40 years with HM diagnosed through postabortion histopathological assessment in Tu Du Hospital from January 2016 to March 2019. Survival analysis was used for GTN cumulative rate estimation, log-rank test for group comparison, and Cox regression model for determining GTN-related factors. Results: After a 2-year follow-up, 123 patients were found to have GTN at a rate of 33.06% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28.30– 38.10]. GTN occurrence meant that the time was 4.15±2.93 weeks with peaks at week 2 and 3 after curettage abortion. The GTN rate was remarkably higher in the ≥46-year age group than in the 40-to-45-year age group [hazard ratio (HR)=1.63; 95%CI: 1.09– 2.44], as was the vaginal bleeding group compared to the non-bleeding group (HR=1.85; 95%CI: 1.16–2.96). Preventive hysterectomy and preventive chemotherapy plus hysterectomy in the intervention group reduced the GTN risk compared to the no intervention group at HRs of 0.16 (95%CI: 0.09–0.30) and 0.09 (95%CI: 0.04–0.21), respectively. Chemoprophylaxis failed to decrease the GTN risk when comparing the two groups. Conclusion Post-molar pregnancy GTN rate in aged patients was 33.06%, much higher than that of the general population. Preventive hysterectomy or chemoprophylaxis plus hysterectomy are effective treatment methods to support GTN risk reduction.

Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in reports of perioral vascular complications resulting from filler injections, such as necrosis of the lip or alar rim, occlusion, and in severe cases, blindness. Conversely, the use of perioral arterial flaps is becoming more prevalent in the treatment of cleft lips, cancer, and trauma. A thorough understanding of perioral arteries is essential to minimize complications and maximize the success of these flaps. However, the course of the facial artery (FA) in the perioral region remains incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to describe the variations of the FA in the perioral region. Methods: We dissected 52 embalmed and formaldehyde-fixed Vietnamese cadavers. We then studied the size and distribution of perioral arteries in 102 specimens. Results: The superior labial artery (SLA) was the most common branch, occurring in 87.25% of cadavers, followed by the inferior labial artery (ILA) at 78.43%. The SLA primarily originated above the mouth corner (cheilion), accounting for 91.01% of cases, and predominantly exhibited a tortuous course within the submucosa (78.65%). The ILA’s branching pattern varied, but it was primarily located below the cheilion (91.25%). The ILA also followed a twisted path, generally within the submucosa. The ILA exhibited two patterns: the typical pattern, distributed at the vermilion border of the lower lip (8.82%), and the horizontal labiomental artery pattern, which ran horizontally in the middle of the lower lip area (69.61%). At their origin, the SLA and ILA had average external diameters of 1.29 mm and 1.28 mm, respectively. Conclusion Numerous anatomical variations in the FA in the perioral region were found. A detailed anatomic description, suggested landmarks, and angiography before the procedure will be useful to help doctors avoid complications.