PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the scope of internet addiction in school age children in early grades of elementary school in Korea, and to identify factors affecting internet addiction for these children. METHOD: The participants were 408 children from in grades 1 to 4 in four urban elementary schools. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires which were constructed to include a parent-child internet addiction test, a self-control rating scale, and a scale of parent control of on-line use. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. RESULTS: Of the children, 71.6% reported being average on-line users, 27.9%, heavy on-line users, and 0.5%, internet addicted. Self control and parent control of on-line use for average on-line users were different from that of heavy on-line users. Significant predictors influencing internet addiction were time spent on-line, self control, gender, father's occupation, on-line games, on-line use alone, and conversation with parents. These predictors accounted for 42% of variance in internet addiction. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of heavy on-line use in children was higher than expected, and internet addiction was influenced by self control, time spent on-line, and related factors. Therefore nursing interventions for prevention and management of internet addiction need to be developed and provided to these children.
Child* ; Humans ; Internet* ; Korea ; Nursing ; Occupations ; Parents ; Prevalence ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

It is very important for elementary school students in sixth grades who are reaching the age of puberty to acquire right knowledge and desirable attitude toward sex so that can overcome psychological instability caused by physical growth, be responsible for their behaviors and lead happy lives. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out the effects of sex educatin in the population of primary school students. The subjects of this study were 767 six-grades in one private and two public elementary school in Seoul. The research tool was a questionnaire based on a literature review. The sex education given to the subjects included 50 minutes lecture. The research methodology included data collection done before and the sex education was given to the subjects, to assess their knowledge of, and attitude toward sex, one week later after the sex education was given to assess change in knowledge of, and attitude to, sex. The data was analyzed through pc-SAS program. real numbers, percentage, t-test, and ANOVA were utilized. The results of this study are as follows : 1. After sex education, the score of sixth grade elementary students' sex knowledge was higher than before(t=11.92, p=0.0001) 2. After sex education, the score of sixth grade elementary students' sex attitude was higher than before(t=2.08, p=0.0373). From the above findings, it can be said that sex education given to the children reaching the age of puberty significantly influences their knowledge of, and attitude toward. Therefore, for children to have the sound knowledge and positive attitude of sec, it is suggested that sex education should be included in their curriculum in order that systematic sex education be practiced.
Adolescent ; Child ; Curriculum ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Puberty ; Research Design ; Seoul ; Sex Education* ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Sex determination is considered the first and most important process in the identification of unknown skeletal remains. The skull is one of bones with high accuracy to discriminate sexes, but there is no dimorphic studies of Korean skull by discriminant function analysis. The aim of this study was to build and provide an easy and accurate discriminant equation to sex determination by using three-dimensional skull images of Korean. Computed tomography images from 102 cadavers were reconstructed three-dimensional images by computer program. We measured 44 variables using the template in computer program and variables were sorted out items with high accuracy and reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cohen's d value, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The equation with the highest accuracy had 82.7% in males, 82.2% in females, it was constituted bizygomatic diameter, cranial base length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, frontal chord, foramen magnum breadth, and right mastoid length. The cross-validated accuracy had 76.5%~86.7% using 3D skull images in Koreans. The value of variables that matches the other population group study, most of variables had a statistically significant difference among population groups. Male skulls in Koreans were smaller than those in European and female skulls were bigger than in Asian. This result should be helpful to determine sex in Koreans.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cadaver ; Female ; Foramen Magnum ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional* ; Male ; Mastoid ; Population Groups ; ROC Curve ; Skull Base ; Skull*

Sunlight is one of the well-established factors which play key roles in the induction and exacerbation of lupus erythematosus. In two patients of discoid lupus erythematosus, we have experimentally reproduced skin lesions by provocative phototesting. Both UVA (100 joules/cm²) and UVB (80 millijoules/cm²) radiation induced the skin lesions. The reproduced skin lesions were clinically and histopathologically consistent with lupus erythematosus.
Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid ; Reproduction* ; Skin ; Sunlight

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of hand massage on nausea and vomiting, and anxiety in children with lymphocytic leukemia receiving high dose chemotherapy. METHOD: The children were assigned to an experimental group(15) or a control group(15). All of the children were diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia and admitted for high dose chemotherapy at C University Medical Center in Seoul. The hand massage was performed for 10 minutes twice a day over three days. To measure the effects of hand massage, the Index of Nausea and Vomiting by Rhodes et al. and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children by Spielberger were used. The level of anxiety was measured by systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate. RESULTS: The score for nausea and vomiting decreased in the experimental group. State anxiety for the experimental group was significantly more positive than for the control group at the 2nd measurement. There was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure between the two groups. The level of diastolic blood pressure in the two groups decreased significantly over time. CONCLUSION: Hand massage could be effective in decreasing nausea and vomiting, state anxiety, pulse rate and blood pressure in children with acute leukemia receiving high dose chemotherapy.
Academic Medical Centers ; Anxiety* ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Drug Therapy* ; Hand* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Leukemia* ; Leukemia, Lymphoid ; Massage* ; Nausea* ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Seoul ; Vomiting* ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Eyelids*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of anxiety for the mothers of leukemic children and to provide the fundamental data for the better performance of caring to them. The subject were 292 mothers : 100 mothers whose children had a leukemia, 80 mothers whose children had taken a tonsillectomy, 112 mothers whose children with medical disease except cancer. The data were collected through the state-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spilberger and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test. The results were as follows ; 1. The state anxiety mean score of mothers with leukemic children was 54.16. 2. The state anxiety of mothers with leukemic children was higher than that of the rest (F=8.00, P=0.0004). 3. There was no significant difference in anxiety of mothers with leukemic children in relation to leukemic children's and their mother's general characteristics.
Anxiety* ; Child* ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Mothers* ; Tonsillectomy ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Blindness, Cortical* ; Diagnosis* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Pregnancy*

PURPOSE: In order to provide basic information for the development of nursing programs, health promoting behavior of students rewriting college entrance examinations was examined and factors related to health promotion were identified. METHOD: Data were collected by questionnaire from 804 examines in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and were analyzed using the SAS program with t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULT: The mean score for health promoting behavior was 2.50. The highest score for the sub-areas was harmonious relationships and the lowest was, professional health maintenance. There were significant differences in health promoting behavior according to the following general characteristics; religion, frequency of rewriting college entrance examination, economic burden, parents' education level, grade, satisfaction with parents, friends and rewriting of college entrance examinations, parents' health concerns and knowledge of health, need for health education, and health condition and chronic disease over the past year. Correlations between health promoting behavior and family support and self-esteem were positive. The variables that influenced health promoting behavior were family support (24.5%), self-esteem (11.3%), anxiety (2.6%), and stress of studying (0.5%), explaining 38.9% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: These results will help to develop a nursing program that enhances health promoting behavior of students rewriting college entrance examinations.
Anxiety ; Chronic Disease ; Education ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Education ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Nursing ; Parents ; Seoul ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Myasthenia Gravis*