In order to evaluate the role of cytopathologic diagnosis of sputum, bronchial washing and bronchial brushing in the diagnosis of lung cancer, we performed this study. The patients included in this study had undergone sputum, bronchial washing and brushing cytology over the 20-month period of 1985 through 1987. The total number of specimens was 5,495 of 2,242 patients, including 4,830 sputa and 665 bronchial washing and brushings. The average number of sputa and bronchial washings and brushings per case was 2.4 and 1.2 respectively. Among them, about 10% were unsatisfactory specimen, and three-fourths were negative specimens. In sputum cytology, the diagnosis of "atypical cells" was given to 3%, "suspicious for malignancy" was given to 1%, and "malignancy" was given to 13%. In bronchial washing and brushing cytology, the diagnosis of "atypical cells", "suspicious for malignancy" and malignancy" was given to 6%, 3%, and 20% respectively. The cases diagnosed as "atypical cells" in cytology were actually malignancy in 95% and 84.8% of sputum and bronchial washing and brushings respectively, and the "suspicious for malignancy" were actually malignancy in 100% in both methods. The detection rates of malignancy were 50.4% and 55.2% in sputum and bronchial washing and brushing respectively, and the specificity was 100% in both methods. The accuracy of cell typing was 92% in sputum and 89.7% in bronchial washing and brushing.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mass Screening* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Seoul* ; Sputum

No abstract available.
Chloroform*

No abstract available.
Dental Porcelain* ; Hardness* ; Resin Cements*

46, XX male is a rare sex cluomasomal constitution characterized by the development of bilateral testis in persons who lack a Y chomosome. The majority of affected persons have normal external genitalia and usually seek medical advice due to infertility, hypogonadism and/or gynecomastia in adulthood. Although Y chromosomsl sequences can be detected in the majority of male subjects with 46, XX karyotype, several studies have shown thst approximately 10 % of patients lack Y chromosomal material including the SRY ( sex-determining region of Y-chromosome) gene. Several hypothesis have been proposed to explain the etiology of this constitution. 1. Translocation of the testis-determining factor (TDF) fiom the Y to the X chromosome or autosome. 2. Acquisition of Y chromosome function by a mutant autosomal or X-linked gene. 3. Undetected mosaicism with Y-bearing cell line 4. Loss of Y chmmosome hom the XXY Klinefelter zygote. We experienced a case of 46, XX male who was 30 years old. We report a case with review of the literature.
Adult ; Cell Line ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Genes, X-Linked ; Genitalia ; Gynecomastia ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Infertility ; Karyotype ; Male* ; Mosaicism ; Sex-Determining Region Y Protein ; Testis ; X Chromosome ; Y Chromosome ; Zygote

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relation between diagnostic clinical parameters and the depth of trophoblastic invasion in tubal pregnancy and decide the most predictable parameter. Methods: Total 50 patients who were confirmed as tubal pregnancy pathologically, from Jan. to Dec. 1997, were included in this study. Menstrual missed periods was calculated by clinical history, volume of gestational mass was calculated as sphere, beta-hCG was titered with preoperative blood sample. All surgical specimens were examined pathologically and divided into two groups such as intraluminal and extraluminal, defined as intact tubal musculature and trophoblastic invasion beyond musculature, n=22 and n=28, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed among three parameters and between each parameter and the depth of trophoblastic invasion. Statistical analysis included were Student's t-test, Chi square, linear regression, and linear correlation analysis using SPSS statistical package and statistical significance was determined as p<0.05. RESULTS: There was a correlation between volume of gestational mass and beta-hCG(p<0.05), but not between beta-hCG and missed period or volume of gestational mass and missed period. beta-hCG level was 1843.7+/-1524.7 mIU/ml(Mean+/-SD) in intraluminal and 12144.3+/-10561.6 mIU/ml(Mean+/-SD) in extraluminal. There was a predictive correlation between beta-hCG and the depth of trophoblastic invasion(p<0.05), and cut off level 3,500 mIU/ml showed the highest sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, 0.79, 0.86, 0.88, 0.76, respectively. Two parameters(volume of gestational mass and missed period) had no ability to predict whether intraluminal or extraluminal. CONCLUSION: We suggest that successful medical treatment of tubal pregnancy depend on lesional intactness of vasculature for drug delivery. In patient selection for medical treatment, it should be important to predict intraluminal type because of intact vasculature. Of clinical parameters, beta-hCG is single most predictive parameter, cut off level of 3,500 mIU/ml was the most reasonable level in this study.
Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Patient Selection ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Tubal* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Trophoblasts*

In terms of treating diseases, minimally invasive treatment has become a key element in reducing perioperative complications. Among the various minimally invasive treatments, cryotherapy is often used in urology to treat various types of cancers, especially prostate cancer and renal cancer. In prostate cancer, the increased incidence of low-risk, localized prostate cancer has made minimally invasive treatment modalities an attractive option. Focal cryotherapy for localized unilateral disease offers the added benefit of minimal morbidities. In renal cancer, owing to the increasing utilization of cross-sectional imaging, nearly 70% of newly detected renal masses are stage T1a, making them more susceptible to minimally invasive nephron-sparing therapies including laparoscopic and robotic partial nephrectomy and ablative therapies. This article reviews the various outcomes of cryotherapy compared with other treatments and the possible uses of cryotherapy in surgery.
Cryosurgery/adverse effects/*methods ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms/*surgery ; Male ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/adverse effects/methods ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*surgery ; Salvage Therapy/methods ; Treatment Outcome

No abstract available.
Leukemia*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GPX) and catalase(CAT) of skeletal muscle(gastrocnemius) and liver in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. The malondialdehyde(MDA) concentration was also measured as an index of lipid peroxidation of the tissues by exercise-induced oxidative stresses in the diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and STZ-induced diabetic rats. The STZ in citrate buffer solution was injected twice at 5 days intervals intraperitoneally(50, 70 mg/kg respectively). On the 28th day after the first STZ injection, the diabetic animals were randomly divided into pre- and post-exercise groups. The exercise was introduced to the rats of post-exercise group by treadmill running till exhaution with moderate intensity (VO2max: 50-70%) of exercise. The duration of average running time was 2 hours and 19 minutes. RESULTS: The blood glucose concentration was increased(p<0.001) and plasma insulin concentration was decreased(p<0.001) in the diabetic rats. The glycogen concentration in the muscle and liver was decreased by exhaustive exercise in the diabetic rats(p<0.001). In the skeletal muscle, the activities of GPX was increased(p<0.05) and the activities of SOD and CAT were not changed in the diabetic rats compare to the control rats. The activities of GPX was not changed by exercise but the activities of SOD(p<0.01) and CAT (p<0.01) were decreased by exercise in the diabetic rats. The concentration of MDA was not changed by exercise in diabetic rats. and the values of pre-exercise and post-exercise diabetic rats were not different from the value of control rats. In the liver, the activities of SOD was decreased(p<0.01) and the activities of GPX and CAT were not changed in diabetic rats compared to the values of control rats. The activities of SOD, GPX and CAT were not changed by exercise in diabetic rats but the the slight decreasing tendency of the activity of SOD was observed. The MDA concentration was increased in the diabetic rats compared to the values of control rats(p<0.001) but there was no change of MDA concentration by exercise in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the exhaustive physical exercise has not been shown to impose oxidative stress on skeletal muscle due to oxygen free radicals regardless of decreament of SOD and CAT in the diabetic rats. In liver tissue, the tissue damage by oxidative stress was observed in diabetic rats but the additional tissue damage by the exhaustive physical exercise was not observed.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Cats ; Citric Acid ; Exercise ; Free Radicals ; Glutathione ; Glycogen ; Humans ; Insulin ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver* ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Running ; Superoxides

Atrial flutter is and infrequent, but potentially unstable tachyarrythmia that occurs in pediatric ages. Transesophageal atrial pacing was used for treatment of 10 episodes of atrial flutter in 7 patients. At the time of atrial flutter conversion, patients were 6 days to 14 years old. 6 patients had associated with congenital heart disease. The atrial cycle length of atrial flutter ranged from 140 to 280 msec with variable atrioventricular conduction. Transesophageal atrial pacing was performed using a bipolar 4 F transesophageal electrode catheter. Atrial flutter conversion was accomplished with stimulation bursts using about 5 seconds of stimuli, 10 msec in duration at 20 to 27 mA. Pacing cycle length was 45 to 110 msec less than the atrial cycle length of tachycardia in 6 episodes. But in a neonate, underdrive pacing converted atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Conversion attempts were unsuccessful on 2 occasions. Transesophageal atrial pacing is a safe and effective, minimally invasive technique for treatment of atrial flutter in infants and children.
Adolescent ; Atrial Flutter* ; Catheters ; Child* ; Electrodes ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Tachycardia

The author list should be corrected.