No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To investigate changes in mother's stress, degree of depression and level of milk secretion hormones when the mothers provided massage to their new born babies. METHOD: The study was conducted with 65 women who had delivered at a convalescence institute in Incheon between Sep 25, 2003 and Feb 10, 2004. The mothers were assigned to a control group or an experimental group. Infants of mothers in the experimental group received massage from their mothers twice a day for 10 days beginning on the 4th day after delivery. The data were processed using chi square-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using the SAS program. RESULTS: The level of cortisol, a stress hormone and depression were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.01;p=0.02). While for plasma prolactin level, a milk secretion hormone, there was no significant difference(p=0.14). CONCLUSIONS: When massage was provided to new-born babies the cortisol level of the mothers decreased significantly compared to the control group which did not receive the massage. As the level of depression of the control group declined as time passed while the experiment group showed no difference and there was no difference in the plasma prolactin level, further study is suggested.
Convalescence ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Incheon ; Infant ; Massage* ; Milk* ; Mothers* ; Plasma ; Prolactin ; Child Health

The goal of this study was to develop a method to measure the degree of hope of mothers whom their children have cancer. Data collection was held on 144 mothers who had their children diagnosed as cancer, and were treated in C hospital and S hospital located in Seoul. The data was collected from January to August of the year 1999, and collected data was then computerized for T-test, factor analysis and ANOVA. The results are as follows: 1) The measurement method used to measure the degree of hope was divided into 7 categories and composed of 35 questions in total. The level of confidence was 0.90. The 7 categories were named 'gaining insight into life' , 'realizing oneself's own role in life' , 'attempting a change in life' , 'taking in destiny' , 'having trust in the treatment being held out by the medical faculty' , 'recognizing or escaping from reality''obtaining support from religion' respectively. 2) The average score of mothers with cancer children was 3.22. The 6th category 'recognizing or escaping from reality' , had the highest score and the 1st category of 'gaining insight into life' the lowest. 3) The degree of hope did not have any differences according to the general characteristics of the children with cancer and the characteristics of the disease. However there was a difference following the characteristics of the mothers with cancer children. Mothers with jobs tend to have scored higher compared with mothers without any occupation.
Child* ; Data Collection ; Hope* ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Occupations ; Seoul ; United Nations ; Child Health

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of anxiety for the mothers of leukemic children and to provide the fundamental data for the better performance of caring to them. The subject were 292 mothers : 100 mothers whose children had a leukemia, 80 mothers whose children had taken a tonsillectomy, 112 mothers whose children with medical disease except cancer. The data were collected through the state-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spilberger and analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test. The results were as follows ; 1. The state anxiety mean score of mothers with leukemic children was 54.16. 2. The state anxiety of mothers with leukemic children was higher than that of the rest (F=8.00, P=0.0004). 3. There was no significant difference in anxiety of mothers with leukemic children in relation to leukemic children's and their mother's general characteristics.
Anxiety* ; Child* ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Mothers* ; Tonsillectomy ; Child Health

This study is the descriptive survey for the purpose of providing the basic data that establishes the strategy to promote adolescent's hope by the examining of self-esteem, academic achievement, family functioning and hope of adolescents and the investigating of the factors influencing the hope in adolescents. The subjects for this study were 456 students of the first and second year of man's senior high school that located in Seoul. The data were gathered from 16th to 31st of the October 2000. For the survey tool, it was used that the Family Assessment Device(FAD) of Epstein, Baldwin & Bishop(1983), the Self-Esteem Inventory(SEI) of Coopersmith(1975), the class record order and Hinds & Gatusso(1991)'s Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents(HSA). The collected data was analyzed by statistics methods as the descriptive and frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression of SAS program. The results of this study were following : 1. The mean score of self-esteem of young people was 51.06 +/- 6.83 and the mean grade was 2.04. The high academic achievement was 29.2%, middle grade was 52.7%, and low grade was 18.1%. The mean score of the family functioning was 38.30 +/- 6.98 and the mean grade was 2.25. The mean score of hope was 84.26 +/- 16.45 and the mean grade was 3.51. 2. The hope in adolescents was significantly different according to their father's school career. The mean score of the group that the father's school career was below junior high school was 77.32. That was significantly lower than the mean score 84.59 of the group that the father's school career was above college and the mean score 85.18 of senior high school group(F=4.04, P= 0.0183). 3. The self-esteem was represented the positive correlation with family functioning(r=0.43) and the all of the 4 subscales(r=0.31, 0.41, 0.39, 0.30). And, it was highly ranked as much as family functioning was good. The academic achievement was represented the positive correlation with self-esteem(r= 0.15). Also, the positive correlation was shown between the affective responsiveness, role recognition and emotional support as the subscales of family functioning and academic achievement(r=0.11, 0.12). And so, academic achievement was high as much as self- esteem was high and affective responsiveness and role recognition and emotional support were good. The hope was represented positive correlation with self-esteem and academic achievement(r=0.42, 0.26), and with the whole of family functioning(r=0.15) and the 4 subscales(r=0.13, 0.16, 0.11, 0.13). So, hope was high as much as self-esteem was high, academic achievement was high and family functioning was good. 4. The influencing factors on the hope of adolescents were self-esteem(17.63%), academic achievement(3.41%), father's school career(0.84%). These factors made it possible to explain 21.88% of hope.
Adolescent* ; Hope* ; Humans ; Seoul ; Child Health

It is very important for elementary school students in sixth grades who are reaching the age of puberty to acquire right knowledge and desirable attitude toward sex so that can overcome psychological instability caused by physical growth, be responsible for their behaviors and lead happy lives. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out the effects of sex educatin in the population of primary school students. The subjects of this study were 767 six-grades in one private and two public elementary school in Seoul. The research tool was a questionnaire based on a literature review. The sex education given to the subjects included 50 minutes lecture. The research methodology included data collection done before and the sex education was given to the subjects, to assess their knowledge of, and attitude toward sex, one week later after the sex education was given to assess change in knowledge of, and attitude to, sex. The data was analyzed through pc-SAS program. real numbers, percentage, t-test, and ANOVA were utilized. The results of this study are as follows : 1. After sex education, the score of sixth grade elementary students' sex knowledge was higher than before(t=11.92, p=0.0001) 2. After sex education, the score of sixth grade elementary students' sex attitude was higher than before(t=2.08, p=0.0373). From the above findings, it can be said that sex education given to the children reaching the age of puberty significantly influences their knowledge of, and attitude toward. Therefore, for children to have the sound knowledge and positive attitude of sec, it is suggested that sex education should be included in their curriculum in order that systematic sex education be practiced.
Adolescent ; Child ; Curriculum ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Puberty ; Research Design ; Seoul ; Sex Education* ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

We studied the effects of nonnutritive sucking(NNS) on lingual lipase activity and body weight under bottle feeding with 17 premature infants hospitalized . NNS was applied to nine infants and other eight infants comprised the control group. Pacifiers were applied to the experimental group for 5 minutes before and after bottle feeding. The treatment took approximately 20-25 minutes each time including bottle feeding time and was applied 7 times a day at intervals of 3 hours and for consecutive ten days. Lingual lipase activity and body weight were measured on the first, third, seventh and tenth day. Results and Conclusion : 1. Lingual lipase activity was low at 30 minutes after feeding and then began to increase reaching its highest level at 120 and 180 minutes after the feeding in both group. 2. Lingual lipase activity in the experimental group was not higher than that of the control group on the third, seventh and tenth day. 3. Body weight increased in experimental and control groups as days passed, while it was not significantly different between groups. These results lead to conclusion that among premature infants under bottle feeding, NNS is not effective in increasing the lingual lipase for fat digestion and NNS is not also effective for increasing body weight. The application of NNS to premature infants under bottle feeding needs considerable judgement for promoting well-being of nursing goals.
Body Weight* ; Bottle Feeding* ; Digestion ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Lipase* ; Nursing ; Pacifiers ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The present study is to develop a Nurse-Centered Doula Support Program (NDSP) for the management of pain and childbirth support in natural births and to evaluate its effect. METHODS: Sixty items were derived by 5 experts and the final contents of program were confirmed with the verification of 58 items with content validity index of 0.8 or more, by an expert group consisting of 2 obstetricians and 3 maternity nurses. Twenty-four pregnant women admitted for maternity care at Mediflower hospital in Seoul were included in the evaluation of NDSP efficacy. Pain, anxiety, postpartum hemorrhage, type of birth, and the birth satisfaction of the newborn were assessed for the evaluation. RESULTS: This study showed that compared to non-NDSP-applied group, NDSP-applied group had lower pain scores during transitional phase and lower postpartum anxiety score. Also, postpartum hemorrhage was less frequently found in NDSP-applied group, with higher birth satisfaction, when compared to the non-NDSP-applied group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the NDSP developed by the present researcher is effective in reducing maternal pain, anxiety, postpartum hemorrhage, and birth satisfaction in natural births, and thereby, is expected to be used as nursing intervention in maternal care.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a health education program for preschoolers who have defected from North Korea with their mothers, and to evaluate the effects on health knowledge and behavior. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pre-post test design was used with 58 preschoolers who were assigned to either the experimental or control group (29 for each group). The program was composed of five sessions in health education and contracts. To test the effectiveness of the intervention, health knowledge and behaviors, and total bacterial colony counts on hands were measured at one pretest and two post tests (1 week and 4 weeks after the intervention ended). Data were analyzed using the SAS program. RESULTS: Health knowledge and behavior in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group. The effects of the intervention were evident even at 4 weeks after the intervention ended. Total bacterial colony counts in the experimental group decreased significantly at the 1 and 4 week posttest intervention compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that this program is effective in improving health knowledge and behavior in these children and therefore can be utilized to ensure efficient management their health care.
Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Female ; Hand/microbiology ; Health Behavior ; *Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; *Program Development ; *Program Evaluation ; Refugees/*psychology

We investigated the optimal culture conditions for Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line by determining the effects of medium pH and of selected supplements on the development of C. muris. The optimum pH of the culture medium required for the development of C. muris was determined to be 6.6. The number of parasites significantly increased during cultivation for 72 hr (p < 0.05) at this level. On the other hand, numbers decreased linearly after 24 hr of incubation at pH 7.5. When cultured in different concentrations of serum, C. muris in media containing 5% FBS induced 4-7 times more parasites than in 1% or 10% serum. Of the six medium supplements examined, only 1 mM pyruvate enhanced the number of C. muris in vitro. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed the developmental stages of C. muris in the cytoplasm of the cells, not in an extracytoplasmic location. The growth of C. muris in AGS cells provides a means of investigating its biological characteristics and of testing its response to therapeutic agents. However, a more optimized culture system is needed for the recovery of oocysts on a large scale in vitro.
Adenocarcinoma ; Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cryptosporidium/*growth & development ; Culture Media ; Human ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Stomach/*parasitology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't