PURPOSE: We evaluated the effect of Mitomycin C (MMC) applied by different methods, on corneal healing after excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) in rabbits. METHODS: PTK was performed on 34 eyes of 17 New Zealand white rabbits. The control group underwent PTK alone, while the experimental groups underwent PTK with intraoperative application of either annular or discoid filter paper soaked with 0.02% MMC for 2 minutes. At postoperative 4, 12, and 24 weeks, the degree of corneal haziness was determined using a slit lamp biomicroscope, and the proliferation of keratocytes was observed histologically. RESULTS: At 4 weeks, the degree of corneal haziness was significantly lower in both MMC-treated groups than in the PTK-alone group (P<0.001). The two MMC-treated groups also showed decreased corneal haziness at 12 and 24 weeks, although the change was not statistically significant. In addition, the MMC-treated groups showed less proliferation of keratocytes at 4 and 12 weeks. At 24 weeks, the group that received annular application of MMC showed a significant decrease of keratocytes compared with the control group(p=0.026), while the group with discoid application showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that the annular application of MMC after PTK not only shows similar effect on wound healing but also reduces the side effects of MMC by minimizing the application surface.
Cornea* ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Mitomycin* ; Rabbits ; Wound Healing

PURPOSE: To describe a low-grade infection of hydroxyapatite orbital implant diagnosed by 99mTc-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy. METHODS: A 34-year-old man diagnosed as phthisis bulbi due to corneoscleral laceration on left eye had been treated with evisceration and hydroxyapatite orbital implant insertion. After drilling for ocular prosthesis, the patient did not have any symptom for 3 years and 5 months. He presented with socket pain, erythematous lid swelling, severe conjunctival discharge. There was no improvement of symptom despite conservative treatment for 3 weeks. MRI revealed no abnormalities so 99mTc-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy was performed. RESULTS: Scintigraphy showed a dense accumulation of labeled leukocyte at the implant site. After diagnosed as hydroxyapatite orbital implant infection, orbital implant was removed and silicon sphere implantation was done. After operation, the inflammation signs disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: 99mTc-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy is a useful technique in diagnosing low-grade infection of hydroxyapatite orbital implant undetected using conventional imaging method such as MRI.
Adult ; Durapatite* ; Eye, Artificial ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lacerations ; Leukocytes* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Orbital Implants ; Radionuclide Imaging* ; Silicones ; Technetium*

The authors statistically analysed 349 industrial ocular injuried cases(435 eyes) among 51,643 patients seen in the Dept. of Ophthalmology, Wonju Christian Hospital, Wonju Medical College, Yonsei University from Jan. 1981 to Dec. 1985. 1. Industrial ocular injuries occupied 0.82% of all ocular patients, and 12.73% of all industrial injuries. 2. Bilateral ocular injury(24.36%) has relatively high proportion due to the explosive injury. 3. The most common cause of industrial ocular injuries was explosives(20.63%) and stone(18.62%), iron(17.19%), coal(11.17%) and dust(10.32%) were in the order. 4. Corneal(10.51%) and conjunctival foreign bodies(9.03%) were the common diseases of all industrial ocular injuries. 5. The final visual acuity of 260 eyes(59.77%) was 0.7 or more, and 75 eyes(17.25%) was below the 0.05. 6. The average period of treatment required for ocular industrial injuries was about 55 days.
Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Ophthalmology ; Visual Acuity

It is not uncommon for children and adolescents with learning disabilities to have neurologically based disorders and other associated psychosocial problems. Those children have learning disorder need systematic psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations for proper managements. Moreover many educational test instruments and special educational literatures use an information processing model for understanding learning and learning disabilities. Any learning disorders can involve more than one area in various dysfunctional processes; input disabilities (visual and auditory perceptions, and other sensory integrations), integration disabilities (sequencing, abstraction, and organization), memory disabilities, and output disabilities (language and motor). Individuals with learning disability require appropriate interventions, whether they are clinical or educational. They must be screened primarily by family physicians, pediatricians, and psychiatrists, and have psychosocial supports for themselves and their family, and then be referred to child and adolescent psychiatrists for optimal treatment planning and multimodal managements.
Adolescent ; Auditory Perception ; Automatic Data Processing ; Child ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Learning ; Learning Disorders* ; Memory ; Physicians, Family ; Primary Health Care ; Psychiatry

The developmental anomalies of the lacrimal passage are interesting, because they are rare. The primordium of the lacrimal passage which is derived from surface ectoderm become situated in the groove between the lateral nasal and maxillary process at about 10-mm (5 weeks) stage. At 15-mm (6 weeks) stage it is free from surface ectoderm and by budding from its upper end maps out the canaliculi and puncta. Anomalies which may develop thus follow the forms of the embryological development, so that the sac and canaliculi may fail to bud off from the surface ectoderm cells, the canaliculi may run in the wrong direction, they may eventually fail to canalize, or they may be extra rods of cells budding off tbe original rod thus forming supernumeraly canaliculi and puncta. Two cases of developmental anomalies of the lacrimal passage, one has no visible puncta and the other has double puncta of both lower lids, were presented.
Ectoderm

Many factors influence the longitudinal position of the intraocular lens(IOL) months after posterior chamber IOL implantation. This change in position in reflected by the anterior depth(ACD) and refractive error. This study compares the change of ACD and refractive error between two types of IOL: silicone IOL(24 eyes) and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) IOL(12 eyes). The ACD of silicone group measured 3.95+/-0.29mm at 1 day, 3.92+/-0.30mm at 1 week, 3.84+/-0.33mm at 1 month, 3.82+/-0.29mm at 3 months. The ACD of PMMA group measured 4.23+/-0.47mm, 4.17+/-0.36mm, 4.16+/-0.50mm, 4.13+/-0.45mm respectively. The refractive error of silicone group measured -0.25+/-0.62D at 1 week, -0.29+/-0.82D at 1 month, , -0.36+/-0.66D at 3 months. The refractive error of PMMA group measured, -0.02+/-0.75D, -0.14+/-0.82D, -0.15+/-0.85D respectively, In the silicone group, the ACE was more shallow and the refractive error was more myopic in all periods compared to the PMMA group, The ACD became more shallow and the refractive error became more myopic in both groups as the interval after insertion increased. Further more this change was greater in the silicone group. Therefore, the change in position after operation should be predicted before the operation and must be considered on calculation of IOL power.
Anterior Chamber* ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Refractive Errors ; Silicones

PURPOSE: To study the effect of spherical lens induced aniseikonia on stereopsis and fusion. METHODS: One hundred subjects, with normal binocular function without any ophthalmic disease or surgery history, were examined. The aniseikonia was induced with spherical lenses in 1 diopter (D) stepwise manner from -2 D to +2 D. The amount of aniseikonia was measured by Awaya's New Aniseikonia Test. Stereopsis and fusion were determined with Titmus Stereo Test and fusion card of major amblyoscope respectively. RESULTS: As the amount of aniseikonia was increased, the stereopsis and fusion were decreased. The change was statistically significant (ANOVA, p<0.001). Aniseikonia was more correlated to fusion than stereopsis. A significant decline in the stereopsis was detected when the size of aniseikonia changed from 1% to 2%. A significant decline in fusion was noticed when aniseikonia changed from 2% to 3% (Independent t-test, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that binocular function can be disturbed by experimentally induced aniseikonia in normal subjects and that stereoacuities and fusional amplitude can be decreased as the degree of aniseikonia becomes larger.
Aniseikonia* ; Depth Perception ; Telescopes*

Among 8, 350 patients seen in the department of ophthalmology, Yonsei University Medical Center from August 1, 1968 to July 31, 1971 there were 2,313 who were seen because of refractive error. These were selected for classification and special statistical study. We reported two similar studies of 2,004 patients having errors in refraction among a total of 9,716 patients seen from August 1, 1958 to July 31, 1961 and 1,919 patients having errors in refraction among a total of 8,796 patients from August 1, 1965 to July 31, 1968 seen in the same department in 1962 and 1968 respectively. The finding of the more recently studied groups are compared with the studies made in 1962 and 1968. 1. 2,313 out of 8,350 patients seen in the department of ophthalmology had errors in refraction (27.7%). 2. 2,949 cases (63.8%) had refractive errors of the myopic type. 626 cases (13.5%) were hyperopic. The others had a simple and a mixed astigmatism. 3. 61.2% of the total group studied had astigmatism. 4. The highest incidence of refractive errors was found between 11 and 20 years of age The older patients had a low incidence. 5. Among the total number of refractive errors 56.3% were found to be in myopic patients who had less than a -3.00 diopters error. 16.8% were found among hyperopic patients who had less than a +3.00 diopters error. 6. Among the three types of astigmatic error seen 1,507 cases (53.2%) were "with the rule", 872 cases (30.8%) were "against the rule", and 456 cases (16.0%) were "oblique". 7. 6.9% of the total refractive errors were those of different types of anisometropia. The most commonly seen type was that of compound myopic anisometropia. The next type seen was simple myopic anisometropia and the least frequently seen type was compound hyperopic anisometropia. 8. When the results of the present study were compared with those found in 1962 and 1968 there are no significant difference between these three groups.
Academic Medical Centers ; Anisometropia ; Astigmatism ; Classification ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ophthalmology ; Refractive Errors ; Statistics as Topic

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy appears to have a lower success rate than of conventional external dacryocystorhinostomy. However, recently this procedure has been widely performed due to its several advantages. The most frequent cause of failure in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is the obstruction of mucosal or bony openings; thus various techniques were introduced to minimize this obstruction of the opening site. Between November 1995 and February 1997, we performed 60 endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy procedures on 46 patients diagnosed with mitomycin-C, an antimetabolic agent, was performed on the osteotomy site, intraoperatively. The postoperative follow-up interval ranged from 4 to 20 months(mean, 10.3 months). The success rate of the primary operation ws 66.7%(40 of 60 eyes), and with revision of failed cased the final success rate reached 90.0%(54 do 60 eyes). No complication associated with use of mitomycin-C was observed. Thus it suggests that the endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with the application of mitomycin-C is a useful technique in the management of obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.
Dacryocystorhinostomy* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mitomycin* ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Osteotomy

PURPOSE: To present cases of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (TRC) treated successfully with intravitreal clindamycin injection. CASE SUMMARY: (Case 1) A 41-year-old man presented with blurred left eye vision for several months. The patient had a large chorioretinal scar with infiltrations at the boundaries, and fluorescein angiography (FA) showed active retinochoroiditis. Antitoxoplasmosis (antiTX) immunoglobulin G (IgG) was positive, and the patient was started on antiTX medication. Despite several weeks of treatment with maximum doses of antiTx, the TRC progressed and visual acuity worsened. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intravitreal clindamycin injection (1.0 mg/0.1 ml) was performed, and an additional injection was given 4 weeks later. Six weeks after the second injection, TRC wascompletely resolved with 20/20 vision. (Case 2) A 67-year-old man presented with decreased left eye vision for 1 year. Fundus examinations showed vitreous opacity and epiretinal membranes. The FA revealed retinochoroiditis and the antiTX IgG titer was elevated. The presumed diagnosis was TRC, and oral medications of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and prednisolone was administered. Inflammation began to improve however, as the patient was not tolerating systemic antiTx medications, an intravitreal injection of clindamycin (1.0 mg/0.1 ml) was administered with PPV. The patientdiscontinued oral medication after surgery, and the inflammation resolved 5 weeks later. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal clindamycin injections may be an additional treatment option for TRC in patients who are unable to tolerate systemic therapy or whose disease progresses despite systemic therapy.
Adult ; Aged ; Cicatrix ; Clindamycin ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Eye ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Inflammation ; Intravitreal Injections ; Prednisolone ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy