PURPOSE: To assess the role of nitric oxide in the development of cataract by detection of nitrotyrosine, which is a reaction product of peroxynitrite with tyrosine. METHODS: We have collected aqueous humor and anterior capsule of lens after cataract surgery from 14 eyes. We classified lens opacities into three types such as nuclear sclerosis, cortical and posterior subcapsular opacity. Nitrite, stable oxidative product of nitric oxide, was measured in the aqueous humor and immunohistochemical staining for nitrotyrosine was performed to examine anterior capsules. RESULTS: The concentrations of nitric oxide in aqueous humor were 0.0698+/-0.0036, 0.0652+/-0.0116, and 0.0700+/-0.0022 mM in nuclear sclerosis, cortical and posterior subcapsular opacity, respectively and no significant differences existed among lens opacity types. In lenses with cortical and posterior subcapsular opacity, the expression of nitrotyrosine was observed around epithelial cell and intercellular space. There was no expression of nitrotyrosine in lenses with nuclear sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: This results suggest that nitration of tyrosine by peroxynitrite is possibly related to the cataractogenesis of lenses with cortical and posterior subcapsular opacity.
Aqueous Humor ; Capsules ; Cataract* ; Epithelial Cells ; Extracellular Space ; Nitric Oxide* ; Peroxynitrous Acid ; Sclerosis ; Tyrosine

Nucleolar organizer regions(NORs) contain coding genes for ribosomal RNA and contribute the regulation of cellular protein synthesis. AgNORs numbers correlate with growth fraction and have been reported the AgNORs counts may have a diagnostic and prognostic utility in other human tumors. We investigated the diagnostic usefulness of AgNORs staining technique as a discriminant for malignancy and assessed the value as a potential method for the estimation of cell kinetics. In addition. we compared the AgNOR counts with flow cytometric analysis of ploidy, S-phase fraction, proliferation index, and PCNA expression rate. There was a statistically significant difference of AgNORs counts between superficial bladder tumor and invasive bladder tumor. But there was no relationship between the mean number of AgNORs per nucleus and histological grade. DNA aneuploid group was associated with higher AgNORs counts than diploid group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. The mean number of AgNORs per nucleus had significant relationship to SPF(r=0.43, p<0.05) and PI(r=0.41, p<0.05.) We concluded that this method alone does not offer a reliable histological discriminant for malignancy. Further studies are needed to confirm that AgNORs counting is a useful method for evaluating the proliferative activity and this technique may serve as a prognostic factor additional to the current histopathological grading criteria of the bladder cancer.
Aneuploidy ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Clinical Coding ; Diploidy ; DNA ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Nucleolus Organizer Region* ; Ploidies ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; RNA, Ribosomal ; Silver* ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder*

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention combining warm therapy (via a thermoelectric-element tourniquet) and a distraction-based approach (via an augmented reality-based app known as TWINKLE) on pain, stress, and satisfaction during intravenous catheterization in adults. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in South Korea with 93 healthy adults who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the experimental group (TWINKLE app with warm therapy), the comparison group (warm therapy only), and the control group (no treatment). Participants’ pain, stress, and satisfaction, as well as practitioner satisfaction, were measured after the intervention. Results: Pain scores differed significantly among the three groups (F = 5.68, p = .005), with the experimental group showing significantly lower scores than the control group (p = .003). Stress levels were also significantly lower in the experimental group than in the other groups (F = 9.42, p < .001). Participant satisfaction was highest in the experimental group (F = 17.65, p < .001), while nurse satisfaction was significantly higher in the comparison group than in the experimental and control groups (F = 67.91, p < .001), suggesting that the additional distraction intervention may have increased nurses’ workload. Conclusion Combining digital distraction with warm therapy using a thermoelectric-element tourniquet effectively reduces pain and stress while improving patient satisfaction during intravenous catheterization. Further research is needed to optimize this approach, with a particular focus on targeting digital distraction interventions to patients with higher levels of procedural anxiety and finding ways to minimize practitioner workload.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention combining warm therapy (via a thermoelectric-element tourniquet) and a distraction-based approach (via an augmented reality-based app known as TWINKLE) on pain, stress, and satisfaction during intravenous catheterization in adults. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in South Korea with 93 healthy adults who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the experimental group (TWINKLE app with warm therapy), the comparison group (warm therapy only), and the control group (no treatment). Participants’ pain, stress, and satisfaction, as well as practitioner satisfaction, were measured after the intervention. Results: Pain scores differed significantly among the three groups (F = 5.68, p = .005), with the experimental group showing significantly lower scores than the control group (p = .003). Stress levels were also significantly lower in the experimental group than in the other groups (F = 9.42, p < .001). Participant satisfaction was highest in the experimental group (F = 17.65, p < .001), while nurse satisfaction was significantly higher in the comparison group than in the experimental and control groups (F = 67.91, p < .001), suggesting that the additional distraction intervention may have increased nurses’ workload. Conclusion Combining digital distraction with warm therapy using a thermoelectric-element tourniquet effectively reduces pain and stress while improving patient satisfaction during intravenous catheterization. Further research is needed to optimize this approach, with a particular focus on targeting digital distraction interventions to patients with higher levels of procedural anxiety and finding ways to minimize practitioner workload.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention combining warm therapy (via a thermoelectric-element tourniquet) and a distraction-based approach (via an augmented reality-based app known as TWINKLE) on pain, stress, and satisfaction during intravenous catheterization in adults. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in South Korea with 93 healthy adults who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the experimental group (TWINKLE app with warm therapy), the comparison group (warm therapy only), and the control group (no treatment). Participants’ pain, stress, and satisfaction, as well as practitioner satisfaction, were measured after the intervention. Results: Pain scores differed significantly among the three groups (F = 5.68, p = .005), with the experimental group showing significantly lower scores than the control group (p = .003). Stress levels were also significantly lower in the experimental group than in the other groups (F = 9.42, p < .001). Participant satisfaction was highest in the experimental group (F = 17.65, p < .001), while nurse satisfaction was significantly higher in the comparison group than in the experimental and control groups (F = 67.91, p < .001), suggesting that the additional distraction intervention may have increased nurses’ workload. Conclusion Combining digital distraction with warm therapy using a thermoelectric-element tourniquet effectively reduces pain and stress while improving patient satisfaction during intravenous catheterization. Further research is needed to optimize this approach, with a particular focus on targeting digital distraction interventions to patients with higher levels of procedural anxiety and finding ways to minimize practitioner workload.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention combining warm therapy (via a thermoelectric-element tourniquet) and a distraction-based approach (via an augmented reality-based app known as TWINKLE) on pain, stress, and satisfaction during intravenous catheterization in adults. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in South Korea with 93 healthy adults who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the experimental group (TWINKLE app with warm therapy), the comparison group (warm therapy only), and the control group (no treatment). Participants’ pain, stress, and satisfaction, as well as practitioner satisfaction, were measured after the intervention. Results: Pain scores differed significantly among the three groups (F = 5.68, p = .005), with the experimental group showing significantly lower scores than the control group (p = .003). Stress levels were also significantly lower in the experimental group than in the other groups (F = 9.42, p < .001). Participant satisfaction was highest in the experimental group (F = 17.65, p < .001), while nurse satisfaction was significantly higher in the comparison group than in the experimental and control groups (F = 67.91, p < .001), suggesting that the additional distraction intervention may have increased nurses’ workload. Conclusion Combining digital distraction with warm therapy using a thermoelectric-element tourniquet effectively reduces pain and stress while improving patient satisfaction during intravenous catheterization. Further research is needed to optimize this approach, with a particular focus on targeting digital distraction interventions to patients with higher levels of procedural anxiety and finding ways to minimize practitioner workload.