The systematic school dental health programmes have been recognized as one of the most effective national dental health measures. This study was conducted to estimate the number of dentists required for the systematic school dental programmes in Korea applying the methodology recommended by WHO. Information necessary for the study was obtained by a mass oral examination to the 1241 primary and middle school students in Kang Wha area. First and 6th grade students from primary school and 3rd year students from middle school were specifically selected for the examination. The results are summarized below: 1) For the Type I program recommended by WHO, 1.8 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. For the Type II program 2.5 dentists, Type III program 2.0 dentists, Type IV program 3.6 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend the systematic school dental programmes to the middle students, 2.0 dentists for the Type I program and 2.4 dentists for the Type II program 2.2 dentists for the Type III program, 3.6 dentists for the Type IV program per 10,000 students were estimated to be necessary. 2) If we assume that prophylaxis are done by hygienist, for the Type I program 1.3 dentists and 0.5 hygienist, for the Type II program 1.8 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 1.3 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienists per 10,000 primary school students were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend this program to the middle school, 1.4 dentists and 0.6 hygienist for the Type I program, 1.6 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type II program, 1.4 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type III program, 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienist for the Type IV program per 10.000 students were estimated to be necessary.
Child ; Dentists ; Diagnosis, Oral ; Humans ; Korea

PURPOSE: The Mulliken's method is a one of the very excellent technique to correction of the unilateral cleft lip. It could decrease the need of additional operation and second operation by the early simultaneous correction of unilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity, at a time. Numerous procedures were advocated for the correction of nasal deformity, but with general dissatisfaction of the results, it became obvious that no one procedure is the ideal one. The authors have been operating on unilateral cleft lip by Mulliken's method and long term follow-up of postoperative result was evaluated. METHODS: The authors have done long term follow-up of results in the 75 cases unilateral cleft lip patient, during 1-7 years. That was repaired by simultaneous correction of cleft lip and nasal deformity by Mulliken's method at the period from June 1997 to December 2007. The patients were unilateral complete cleft lip 39 cases, unilateral incomplete cleft lip 36 cases. In the severe complete cleft lip cases, lip adhesion operation was done before definite operation. The mean age of unilateral cleft lip operation was 3.2 months. Five anthropometric parameters, which were upper lip, cutaneous lip and vermilion mucosa height, nasal tip protrusion, columella length were measured by Sliding Vernier Caliper. The anthropometric analysis was performed preoperatively, and the results were com pared with those of age- matched, normal children postoperatively in 6 months, 3, 5 and 7 years. T-tests were used to analyze the differences between the measurements. RESULTS: Long-term postoperative results were evaluated by anthropometrically. Most patients showed adequate growth of upper lip height, vermilion mucosa height and columella length. But nasal tip protrusion was relatively short compare to the normal value. Incomplete cleft lip group was nearly normal growth results than complete cleft lip group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we could make harmonious Cupid's bow, natural philtrum and lip, appropriate nasal shape by Mulliken's method. But nasal tip protrusion was under the normal values on complete and incomplete group. And incomplete group showed more good results than complete group. We have experienced repair of cleft lip by Mulliken's method with 75 cases of unilateral cleft lip patients and conclude that it is a very useful method.
Child ; Cleft Lip ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lip ; Mucous Membrane ; Reference Values

PURPOSE: Local skin necrosis after extravasation of adriamycin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, is a common problem in cancer patients. The extravasation of chemotherapeutic agents yields severe inflammatory responses, crust formation, skin necrosis, and ulceration. Even though several treatment options have been proposed for extravasation injury, there is still controversy regarding the management of such lesions. Thus the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of saline injection (Group 1), hydrocortisone injection (Group 2), propranolol injection (Group 3) and early surgical excision as a treatment (Group 4) in a rat extravasation model. METHODS: The authors planned forty mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and each group contained 10 rats. Administration of adriamycin (1.0 mg/mL) 1.5 mL by subcutaneous injection on the dorsal side of the rats was followed by protocol. The treatment options were applied 2 hours after adriamycin injection. At the end of the 5th day, the presence and size of ulcers at the injection site were checked. Three weeks after injection, a histopathologic examination was performed for each treatment and control group. T-tests were used to analyze the differences between the measurements. RESULTS: Propranolol significantly improved tissue recovery compared with control group and other groups. These data suggest that there is little role for saline and hydrocortisone in the treatment of adriamycin extravasation injury. CONCLUSION: In this study, we compared some treatment methods in adriamycin extravasation model. The findings support the propranolol injection may prevent extravasation injury. However this study was performed in the laboratory using rats, and the results could be different in clinical application. Further investigations and more clinical application are needed.
Animals ; Doxorubicin ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Male ; Necrosis ; Propranolol ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin ; Ulcer

Homer protein was identified based on its rapid induction in rat hippocampal granule cell neurons following excitatory synaptic activity. Although the presence of the Homer gene in the peripheral tissues has been observed in previous reports, the physiological function of the Homer protein in these tissues has not been noted. In this experiment, a Homer-2a cDNA fragment was successfully amplified by RTPCR in the involuting phase of human hemangioma but not in the human vascular malformation and normal vessel. After isolation of full Homer cDNA in a mouse liver cDNA library, E1-deleted recombinant adenovirus expressing the Homer protein (Adv.CMV.mHomer-2a) was constructed to determine its physiological function in peripheral tissues. Adv.CMV.mHomer2a, but not Adv.CMV.LacZ (recombinant adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase), strongly inhibited the growth rate of HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) probably via inducing apoptosis determined by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining methods. This study suggests that the Homer gene is present in human specimens in the involuting phase of hemangioma, and it might be involved in the growth control.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Blood Vessels/*abnormalities ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology ; Female ; Hemangioma/blood supply/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Middle Aged ; Neuropeptides/genetics/*physiology ; Rats ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Skin/blood supply ; Skin Neoplasms/blood supply/*genetics

Acid erosion of teeth was studied in two factories. The A was the textile factory possessing dyeing process using acids. The B was the metal product manufactof,ing factory possessing electroplating process. The control group was selected at the same factory not exposed to acids. The results were summarized as below. 1. The pH of saliva was the range of 6.6+/-6.8 in both factories. 2. The prevalence rate of erosion of teeth was higher in case group at ,the B. It was statistically significant. 3. The rate of erosion of incisor were the range of 12%16% (case group), 7%21,0,o (control group) at the A and 10%-20%(case group), 2%-5%(control group) at the B. 4. The rate of erosion of degree 3 which is necessary for conforming, owing to occupational induction, were 8.9% (incisor: A) and 6.8/0,o(incisor: B).
Electroplating ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incisor ; Prevalence ; Saliva ; Textiles ; Tooth

PURPOSE: This work aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of pegmatite in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Author evaluated the suppressive effects of pegmatite on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, TNF-alpha and IL-6 release in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. RESULTS: Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with pegmatite significantly reduced LPS-stimulated NO production and inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. Also pegmatite showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in the arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema and acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability assessment in mice. It was also found that pegmatite (10 mg per ear in DW) inhibited arachidonic acid induced edema at 24 h more profoundly than 1 h by topical application. Furthermore, the vascular permeability increase induced by acetic acid was significantly reduced in mice that received pegmatite in 50 mg per mouse. CONCLUSION: Therefore the results of the present study suggest that pegmatite is a potent inhibitor of the LPSinduced NO and inflammatory cytokine in RAW 264.7 macrophages and showed anti-inflammatory activities in vivo animal model.
Acetic Acid ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; Capillary Permeability ; Ear ; Edema ; Interleukin-6 ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Nitric Oxide ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Liposuction of upper arm is often performed to attain muscular definition of arms and correct lipodystrophy, referred to as the "Bat-wing deformity", with scarless results compared to brachyplasty. Many complications, however, have been reported with this procedure, including hematoma, irregularity, inadequate skin retraction, and so on. Authors hereby report one of serious complications, which is a median nerve injury after liposuction of upper arm. A 51 years old woman underwent liposuction on both arms at a private clinic. Immediately after procedure, the patient complained bullae formation and color change on medial side of left arm, and tingling sensation on left hand. She was transferred to our hospital with necrotic wounds, swelling on left arm, and severe pain. Several evaluations were made, resulting in diagnosis of median nerve injury and CRPS(complex regional pain syndrome). Necrotic wound was treated by debridement and primary closure. Prednisolon(60mg; Kukje Pharm, Korea) was used for median nerve injury, and pain was managed by PCA(patient controlled analgesia). We should be aware of such complications that can occur during the liposuction on upper arm. Through this experience, we must pay attention to important structures, especially the medial bicipital groove, and avoid the injury of median nerve.
Female ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To see whether there is a relationship between Korean Falls Efficacy Scale-International (KFES-I) developed for measuring fear of falling and frequency of fall. METHOD: KFES-I was composed with 16 items of activities of daily living including social activities and graded from 1 to 4 in each item. Surveys of 250 patients over 65 years of age from the public health center of Kang-dong and Seong-buk based on KFES-I and fall questionnaire such as presence, frequency and severity of fracture within last 6 months, and combined medical illness were taken. The data of KFES-I, fall questionnaire, and the inter-relationship of KFES-I items had been analyzed by Spearman and Kendall test. RESULTS: There was strong positive correlation between KFES-I total score and the frequency of falls. Four items (item 4, 7, 11, 15) of KFES-I showed strong correlation with the frequency of falls. There was significant difference in KFES-I total score between control and fracture groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that there was strong positive correlation between frequency of falls and KFES-I. It is suggested that frequency of falls can be predicted by KFES-I.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Humans ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Adipose tissue injection as a free graft for the correction of soft-tissue deficiency or depression deformity is a widespread procedure in plastic surgery. This study is to analyze the changes and viability of cryopreserved adipose tissue and to find out efficient long-term storage period. METHODS: After centrifugation of aspirated abdominal tissues, 10mL of packed Adipose tissue were freezed at -20degrees C. For 2, 4, 6, 8 months, each frozen samples were taken and injected into scalp of SCID mice. After 15 weeks, injected Adipose tissue were sampled and analyzed at 2 months interval. We compared and analyzed each group about the weight of the injected fat, histologic impressions, activity of mitochondria, size of a fat cell and rate of survival. RESULTS: Significant weight changes were observed in cryopreservation for 2 months(p<0.05). Histologic changes were observed, independent of the freezing period with H-E stain. Among cryopreservations for 2, 4, 6 months, no significant change were observed. The reduction of mitochondrial enzymatic activity was observed independent of time interval but activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase was reduced less than 50% in MTT assay. CONCLUSION: Freezing at -20degrees C for 6 months has no adverse effect to Adipose tissue, but fragile adipocytes, damaged cell membrane during harvesting procedure, were disrupted within 1-2 month and the maximum volume reduction were followed less than 2 months. These results demonstrate that tissue preparation cells without membrane damage have the greatest viability level and cryopreservation less than 2 months has great volume effect and cryopreservation for 6 months has stable volume effect.
Adipocytes ; Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Cell Membrane ; Centrifugation ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Cryopreservation ; Depression ; Freezing ; Membranes ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Mitochondria ; Oxidoreductases ; Scalp ; Surgery, Plastic ; Transplants

PURPOSE: Transsexualism is considered to be the extreme end of the spectrum of gender identity disorders characterized by, among other things, a pursuit of sex reassignment surgery(SRS). We evaluated psychologic status, health-related quality of life in female-to-male (FTM), male-to-female(MTF) transgender individuals. METHODS: We used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Moudsley obsessive-compulsive Inventory, SCL-90-R, Short-Form 36-Question Health Survey version 2(SF-36v2). We enrolled 40 transsexual participants. RESULTS: Analysis of quality of life health concepts demonstrated statistically significant(p<0.01) diminished quality of life among the transsexual participants as compared to the Korea male and female population. FTM transgender participants reported more higher hostile, phobic than MTF transgenders. Overall, in all psychologic status examination, Transgender individuals are within normal population boundary. On all category, result is improved post-operatively. CONCLUSION: Transgender participants reported mental status within normal boundary. SRS improved their quality of life and mental stability.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; MMPI ; Quality of Life ; Transgender Persons ; Transsexualism