PURPOSE: We investigated the possible inhibitory effect of aspirin during the initiation and post initiating stages on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) induced bladder carcinogenesis in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group A received 0.05% BBN in drinking water for 12 weeks. Group B re ceived 0.05% BBN in drinking water with 0.5% aspirin in the diet for 12 weeks. Group C received control diet without added chemicals. The rats were sacrificed after 12 weeks. For identification of chemopreventive effect of aspirin, apoptosis was detected by in situ cell death detection method. The apoptotic index (AI) was calculated from the ratio of typical apoptotic cells relative to the total cells from observation of at least 1000 cells in each preneoplastic lesion among the groups. RESULTS: All cases of group A showed multiple lesions of simple and focal hyperplasia. The incidence of papilloma was 80% in group A. All cases of group B also showed multiple lesions of simple and focal hyperplasia but the incidence of papilloma was decreased to 20%. The total numbers counted of focal hyperplasia and papilloma lesions were significantly reduced in group B than in group A (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The mean AI in group A and B sequentially increased in preneoplastic lesions, as compared to that in the normal epithelium of the rat bladder. Significant differences in AI in the lesions of simple and focal hyperplasia between group A and B were noted (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The result suggests that aspirin significantly decreases the incidence of precancerous lesions and it can act as a chemopreventive agent for precancerous lesions of urinary bladder.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Aspirin* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Death ; Diet ; Drinking Water ; Epithelium ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Incidence ; Papilloma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats* ; Superoxides*

The study was performed retrospectively to compare the results of anterior chamber IOL(Intraocular Lens) implantation and posterior chamber IOL implantation by scleral fixation in cases of inadequate zonular or capsular support during the extracapsular cataract extraction. A total of 27 cases were reviewed of which 11 cases had anterior chamber IOL implantation and 16 cases had posterior chamber IOL implantation by scleral fixation. The follow-up period ranged from two to twenty-four months. Nine of eleven in anterior chamber IOL group and thirteen of sixteen in posterior chamber IOL group had the final corrected vision of 0.5 or better. Vision-threatening complications included two cases of cystoid macular edema in anterior chamber IOL group, whose visual acuity was 0.1 and 0.5, and three cases of vitreous hemorrhage in posterior chamber IOL group, which had little effect on visual outcome The final visual acuity didn't show statistically significant difference between the two groups.
Anterior Chamber* ; Cataract Extraction ; Follow-Up Studies ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Macular Edema ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: As an antihypertensive drug, Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker was introduced recently, which also has antianginal effect. But due to the relatively short duration of action, another antihypertensive agents having longer duration of action and stronger hypertensive effect were under investigation. Nilvadipine, a new calcium channel blocker, was introduced to have more prologned duration of action and to act more specifically on vascular smooth muscle. So the efficacy and safety of oral Nilvadipine on essestial hypertension was investigated and represented by our institute. METHODS: In order to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral Nilvadipine, daily doses of 4mg twice a day were administered in 30 hypertensive patients whose states were compatible to the criteria : 1) severity of hypertension rated in Stage I and Stage II according to the classification by WHO, 2) ages ranging from 30 to 74 years regardless of sex, 3) blood pressure with 95mmHg or higher but less than 115mmHg in diastolic pressure which was the mean in a sitting position at the last two out of not less three consultations in the 2 week observation period, 4) outpatients with informed consent for 6 weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured every 2 weeks. The complete with blood count with platelet, uronalysis and the electrocardiography were performed at the beginning period and the 6th weeks of therapy. And kinds of side effects were questioned by examining physicians. RESULTS: The following results were obtained : 1) Blood pressure fell significantly in 6 weeks of treatment with Nilvadipine(Mean pressure+/-S.D., 6.00mmHg vs 108.90+/-9.68mmHg p<0.05), 2) There was no significant change in EKG in 6 weeks of treatment with Nilvadipine, 3) Pulse rate was decreased in 6 weeks of treatment with Nilvadipine(80.14+/-11.90/min vs 75.39+/-6.47/min, p<0.05). 4) No significant chsange in body weight was observed(64.50+/-8.7kg vs 63.50+/-10.25kg, p<0.05). 5) There were no significant changes in blood chemistry including blood sugar, cholesterol, electrolytes, serum creatinine and alkaline phosphatase values, 6) Hematologic findings and urinalysis findings reamained unchanged, 7) Total 10 patients(33.30%) had various side effects;facial flushing 30.00%, palpitation 23.33%, headache 20.00%, nausea 10.00%, drowsiness 3.33%, heaviness 3.33% and indigestion 3.33%. But there was no serious side effect that requires to discontinue the medication of the test drug. And there was no need to reduce the dosage due to the side effect, 8) The antihypertensive effect was judged to decrease markedly in 76.70%, decrease 20.00%, unchange 3.30% and increase 0.00%, 9) The utility which was assessed with the data from the overall safety and antihypertensive effect, the drug was judged to be very useful in 60.00%, useful 33.30%, useless 6.67% and inhibited 0.00%. CONCLUSION: From the above results, Nilvadipine in doses of 4mg twice a day was effective and useful in most cases without severe side effects in essential hypertensive patients with diastolic blood pressure of 95 to 115mmHg.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Platelets ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Calcium Channels ; Chemistry ; Cholesterol ; Classification ; Creatinine ; Dyspepsia ; Electrocardiography ; Electrolytes ; Flushing ; Headache ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Informed Consent ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Nausea ; Nifedipine ; Outpatients ; Referral and Consultation ; Sleep Stages ; Urinalysis

BACKGROUND: Testicular rupture is a surgical emergency which command immediate repair. If surgery is delayed, a hematoma causes severe pain and loss of spermatogenesis as well as hormonal functions. Scrotal ultrasonography has been helpful in early diagnosis of testicular rupture. But disadvantage of ultrasonography include a relatively low signal-to-noise level, tissue nonspecificity, lack of contrast media, a small field of view, and dependence on the operators skill and the patients physique. Also the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity or specificity of scrotal ultrasonography was variable in regard to authors. And so, a diagnostic accuracy of scrotal ultrasonography was evaluated in scrotal trauma. METHODS: We reviewed 38 patients of scrotal trauma from May, 1994 to March, 1998. 6 patients were treated conservatively following scrotal sonography and 10 patients treated only surgical exploration without ultrasonography. Surgical exploration was performed in 22 case, which were evaluated by ultrasound before surgical treatment. In a such 22 cases, diagnostic accuracy of scrotal ultrasonography was evaluated. RESULTS: We compared ultrasound before treatment with surgical exploration finding in a such 22 cases. The ultrasonographic features in 7(31.8%) out of 22 cases, which showed testicular ruptured, but surgical exploration revealed testicular rupture in 5 and epididymal rupture in 1, simple hematocele in 1. In 15(68.2%) out of 22 cases the simple hematocele was diagnosed by ultrasonography, but surgical finding feature in of the 7 cases revealed testicular rupture, epididymal rupture in 1, simple hematocele in 7. The sensitivity and specificity for the ultrasonography are 42.9% and 87.5%, and the positive and negative predictive values are 86.5% and 46.7%, respectively. Ultrasonography is low sensitive in identifying testicular rupture. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography include a relatively low signal-to-noise level, tissue nonspecificity, lack of contrast media, a small field of view, and dependence on the operators skill and the patients physique. Therefore, early surgical exploration for saving the testis should be performed that sonographically by seeing hypoehoic peripheral lesions and disappearance of normal ovoid form of testis, hematocele in scrotal sac.
Contrast Media ; Early Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Hematocele ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Male ; Rupture ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis ; Ultrasonography*

PURPOSE: To evaluated the effectiveness of abdominal ultrasonography as the initial diagnostic method in blunt renal trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was undertaken to compare computerized tomography with abdominal ultrasonography in radiographic staging of blunt renal trauma(Renal Injury scale grade I-V by Moor) except vascular injury. During 3-years period(May 1994 to March 1997), emergency computerized tomography was performed in 66 patients with blunt renal trauma, simultaneously 34 patients among 66 patient were scanned by abdominal ultrasonography. RESULTS: Gross hematuria were present 48% of renal trauma cases. The degree of hematuria showed not correlation with the severity of renal injury(p-value=0.213, by Chi-square test). In diagnostic agreement of abdominal ultrasonography compared to computerized tomography, the diagnostic agreement of minor renal injury(x=0.544, by k2 statistics) was higher than that of major renal injury(r=0.375, by k2 statistics). The overall diagnostic agreement of abdominal ultrasonography in detecting adjacent organ injury was 0.321 (k value). CONCLUSIONS: In ultrasonography imaging, we concluded that minor blunt rectal trauma is not necessary other radiologic evaluation, but major blunt renal trauma should be evaluated by computerized tomography for proper diagnosis of combined injury and diagnostic staging of renal trauma. Renal trauma associated Intraabdominal injury should undergo with ultrasonography-guided paracentesis. Based under result of our study, we suggest the use of abdominal ultrasonography as the initial diagnostic method in blunt renal trauma compatible for prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Paracentesis ; Ultrasonography* ; Vascular System Injuries

Suprofen eye drop was instilled into one eye of 10 pigmented rabbits and then anterior uveitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin of Shigella flexneri serotype 1A to evaluate the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on endotoxin induced uveitis. The pupillary diameters were measured, and aqueous cell and flare gradings were recorded in 20 eyes of 10 rabbits for one week at an interval of 12 hours for the first 24 hours and then every 24 hours for a week. A difference between the treated and control groups were investigated. All the above parameters showed greatest changes at 12 or 24 hours after injection and became normal by one week. The two groups demonstrated statistically significant difference at 12 hours, day 1 and day 2 as for pupillary diameter, at day 1 and day 2 as for cell and at 12 hours and day 1 as for flare. Thus, it can be concluded that prostaglandins play a role in miosis, in the appearance of inflammatory cells and flare in endotoxin induced uveitis and the topical administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug can alleviate signs of anterior uveitis. Specific relationship between leukotriene B4 and aqueous cell was not demonstrated.
Administration, Topical ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Endotoxins ; Rabbits ; Shigella flexneri ; Suprofen/*therapeutic use ; Uveitis, Anterior/*drug therapy/pathology

We analyzed corneal astigmatism 2 months after extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation using scleral pocket incision to minimize postoperative corneal astigmatism. Among the patients who were operated between July 1993 and April 1994, 25 eyes of 20 patients could be followed up over 2 months. Keratometric and refractive measurements were obtained before and at every week after operation. The mean postoperative refractive astigmatism was +1.42D at 1 week, +0.02D at 8 weeks and mean postoperative keratometric astigmatism was +1.58D at 1 week, -0.17D at 8 weeks. Our results suggest that extracapsular cataract extraction using scleral pocket incision has the advantage of decreasing early postoperative astigmatic change.
Astigmatism ; Cataract Extraction* ; Cataract* ; Humans ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular

Local anesthesia for arthroscopic procedure of the knee is an increasinglv popular technique that avoids the use of general anesthesia and the associated risks of respiratory depression, aspiration, and postoperative sedation. Many authors, for example McGinty etc., Martin, Yoshiya etc., advocated local anesthesia as safe and efficient method for arthroscopic procedures of the knee. We performed arthoroscopy of the knee under local anesthesia on 150 patients for diagnostic and operative purposes between January l993 and December l996. The technique of local anesthesia that we used was that 20cc of 0.5%; bupivacaine with I:200,000 epinephrine was injected into superolateral portal of the knee joint and additional 10-20cc ot 1% lidocaine into the arthroscopic portals. Pnevmatic tourniquet wa, not applied in all cases. We analysed the 150 cases and the results were as follows; The diagnostic arthroscopy was performed in 50 cases and the operative arthroscopy was in 100 cases. The duration ot local anethesia was from 4 hours to 12 hours, with an average of 6 hours. In 35 cases arthroscopy was performed as outpatient procedure and average hospital stay excluding other problem was 5 days. No complication related to systemic toxicity by local anesthetics was observed. Conclusively arthroscopy of the knee under local anesthesia is safe and effective procedure to avoid the risks of general anesthesia but patients selection is very important.
Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Local* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Arthroscopy* ; Bupivacaine ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Knee* ; Length of Stay ; Lidocaine ; Outpatients ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Tourniquets

Blood sugar and blood gas analysis changes caused by a 10 hour fast and a 15 hour fast were studied in sixtythree patients. In the 10 hour fast group, mean blood sugar level was 79.58+/-8.77mg/dl compared with the 15 hour fast group was 77.22+/-14.93 mg/dl. There were no remarkable changes on blood gas analysis for both the 10 hour fast group and 15 hour fast group. Neither age nor sex had any significant influence on blood sugar level or blood gas analysis. Thus, in order to make preoperative recommendations as well as to give appropriate intravenous fluids during and following operation, the anesthesiologist must be acquainted with the physiology of fasting.
Blood Gas Analysis* ; Blood Glucose* ; Fasting* ; Humans ; Physiology