Total anomalous pulmonary venous return(connection) is a congenital heart disease. Especially, the reports of the patients with double connections of all pulmonary veins were rare. An infant who underwent operation for total anomalous pulmonary venous return had double drainge of all pulmonary veins to both left vertical vein and anomalous descending vein. This second lesion was not diagnosed preoperatively, but in operative field. Operative treatments were performed by ligation of left vertical vein and central pulmonary vein-to-left atrium anastomosis without ligation of the descending anomalous vein. For these less common variants fo total anomalous pulmonary venous return,a more detailed and precise understanding of morphology can facilitate accurate surgical repair. And also, early detection of the disease is an another issue for a good prognosis.
Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant ; Ligation ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Veins ; Scimitar Syndrome* ; Veins

Osteonecrosis has been found in association with non-traumatic pathological conditions such as alcoholism, sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, Gaucher's disease and decompression sickness. It is also a major compcation in surviving renal transplantation patients where it is generally believed to be a result of immunosupressive systemic corticosteroid administration. The precise etiology of osteonecrosis is still unknown, but many hypotheses have presented; interruption of the blood supply, direct cytotoxic effect, incresed intraosseous pressure and decreased venous return. Whatever the caused or the starting point, and whatever the pathologic process, blockage of the osseous microcirculation with intramedullary stasis appears to be the common denominator. In the present study, our purpose is to examine the microvascular structural changes and corresponding pathological changes of rabbit's femoral head by disturbance of lipid metabolism resulting from the administration of a large dose of the steroid. The results were as follows:1. In the study group (steroid-treated);there was a relatively increased empty lacuna within the rabbit's femoral head suchondral bone at 3 weeks in contrast with the control group. (control:10.72%, study:20.8%,P<0.01.). 2. Early definite marrow necrosis was found since 3 wekks, a marrow focal osteonecrosis since 5 weeks, and roentgenographically osteoporosis since 5 weeks in the study group. 3. In the histological study, the more degenerative vascular changes were found in the subchondral plate as weekly time was relapsed (H & E), and the subchondral vessels were filled with fat in most of the steroid-treated group (Oil-red 0). 4. In the microangiographic study, the chnges of vascular pattern of the subchondral area was found in the more steroid treated group. ie, it was shown to be dissimilar in size, irregulary spaced and not orderly arranged side by side in a line with disappearing focal vascular shadow.
Adult ; Alcoholism ; Bone Marrow ; Decompression Sickness ; Gaucher Disease ; Head ; Hemoglobinopathies ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Lipid Metabolism ; Microcirculation ; Necrosis ; Osteonecrosis ; Osteoporosis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the apical foramen morphology and the length of merged canal at the apex in type II root canal system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included intact extracted maxillary and mandibular human premolars (n = 20) with fully formed roots without any visible signs of external resorption. The root segments were obtained by removing the crown 1 mm beneath the cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) using a rotary diamond disk. The distance between the file tip and merged point of joining two canals was defined as Lj. The roots were carefully sectioned at 1 mm from the apex by a slow-speed water-cooled diamond saw. All cross sections were examined under the microscope at x50 magnification and photographed to estimate the shape of the apical foramen. The longest and the shortest diameter of apical foramen was measured using ImageJ program (1.44p, National Institutes of Health). Correlation coefficient was calculated to identify the link between Lj and the apical foramen shape by Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The average value of Lj was 3.74 mm. The average of proportion (P), estimated by dividing the longest diameter into the shortest diameter of the apical foramen, was 3.64. This study showed a significant negative correlation between P and Lj (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As Lj gets longer, the apical foramen becomes more ovally shaped. Likewise, as it gets shorter, the apical foramen becomes more flat shaped.
Academies and Institutes ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; Bicuspid ; Carbonates ; Crowns ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Diamond ; Humans ; Tooth Apex

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of root fusion and C-shaped root canals in maxillary molars, and to classify the types of C-shaped canal by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digitized CBCT images from 911 subjects were obtained in Chosun University Dental Hospital between February 2010 and July 2012 for orthodontic treatment. Among them, a total of selected 3,553 data of maxillary molars were analyzed retrospectively. Tomography sections in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were displayed by PiViewstar and Rapidia MPR software (Infinitt Co.). The incidence and types of root fusion and C-shaped root canals were evaluated and the incidence between the first and the second molar was compared using Chi-square test. RESULTS: Root fusion was present in 3.2% of the first molars and 19.5% of the second molars, and fusion of mesiobuccal and palatal root was dominant. C-shaped root canals were present in 0.8% of the first molars and 2.7% of the second molars. The frequency of root fusion and C-shaped canal was significantly higher in the second molar than the first molar (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a Korean population, maxillary molars showed total 11.3% of root fusion and 1.8% of C-shaped root canals. Furthermore, root fusion and C-shaped root canals were seen more frequently in the maxillary second molars.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Incidence ; Molar* ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of root fusion and C-shaped root canals in maxillary molars, and to classify the types of C-shaped canal by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digitized CBCT images from 911 subjects were obtained in Chosun University Dental Hospital between February 2010 and July 2012 for orthodontic treatment. Among them, a total of selected 3,553 data of maxillary molars were analyzed retrospectively. Tomography sections in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were displayed by PiViewstar and Rapidia MPR software (Infinitt Co.). The incidence and types of root fusion and C-shaped root canals were evaluated and the incidence between the first and the second molar was compared using Chi-square test. RESULTS: Root fusion was present in 3.2% of the first molars and 19.5% of the second molars, and fusion of mesiobuccal and palatal root was dominant. C-shaped root canals were present in 0.8% of the first molars and 2.7% of the second molars. The frequency of root fusion and C-shaped canal was significantly higher in the second molar than the first molar (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a Korean population, maxillary molars showed total 11.3% of root fusion and 1.8% of C-shaped root canals. Furthermore, root fusion and C-shaped root canals were seen more frequently in the maxillary second molars.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Dental Pulp Cavity* ; Incidence ; Molar* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: There has been a difficulty in measuring angle kappa because special instrument was required. To measure the angle kappa conveniently, we designed a new method using slit lamp biomicroscope. METHODS: We measured the angle kappa in 124 eyes of 62 patients with newly designed method and compared the measurement by new method with those by T-shape ruler or the major amblyoscope. RESULTS: We found the average angle kappa was +3.12 degrees by slit lamp, +2.85 degrees by major amblyoscope and +3.04 degrees by T shape ruler method. There was no significant difference between slit lamp and either major amblyoscope method (p=0.48) or T shape ruler (p=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The new method of measuring angle kappa using slit lamp biomicroscope seemed to be a convenient and relatively accurate method for measuring of angle kappa and appeared to be beneficial in measurement of ocular deviation.
Humans

No Abstract Available.
Acanthoma*

PURPOSE: Klippel-Feil syndrome is defined as the congenital fusion of two or more cervical vertebrae. The clinical features are low posterior hair line, short neck, and limitation of the movement of the head and neck. Wildervanck syndrome, also known as cervicooculoacoustic syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects females. The disorder is characterized by Klippel-Feil syndrome, Duane syndrome and hearing impairment at birth, although one of these symptoms may be lacking. This report describes a case of Klippel-Feil syndrome combined with Duane retraction syndrome, which can be defined as an incomplete form of Wildervanck syndrome. METHODS: A 15-year-old girl with congenitally fused cervical vertebrae at two levels, C2-C4 vertebrae and, C5-C7 vertebrae, was diagnosed as Klippel-Feil syndrome. Ophthalmologic evaluation was needed due to abnormality in ocular motility. RESULTS: Ophthalmologic examination revealed a visual acuity of 0.9 without correction in both eyes. Slit-lamp and fundus examination were normal. Ocular motility examination showed 14 prism diopters right esotropia in primary gaze, limited abduction, globe retraction, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on adduction of the right eye.
Adolescent ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Duane Retraction Syndrome* ; Esotropia ; Female ; Hair ; Head ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Klippel-Feil Syndrome* ; Neck ; Parturition ; Spine ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of a separate distolingual root and to measure the thickness of the buccal cortical bone in mandibular first molars in Koreans using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-quality CBCT data from 432 patients were analyzed in this study. The prevalence of a separate distolingual root of the mandibular first molar was investigated. The distance from the distobuccal and distolingual root apices to the outer surface of the buccal cortical bone was measured. We also evaluated the thickness of the buccal cortical bone. RESULTS: The prevalence of a separate distolingual root (2 separate distal roots with 1 canal in each root; 2R2C) was 23.26%. In mandibular first molars with 2R2C, the distance from the distobuccal root apex to the outer surface of the buccal cortical bone was 5.51 mm. Furthermore, the distance from the distolingual root apex to the outer surface of the buccal cortical bone was 12.09 mm. In mandibular first molars with 2R2C morphology, the thickness of the buccal cortical bone at the distobuccal root apex of the mandibular first molar was 3.30 mm. The buccal cortical bone at the distobuccal root apex was significantly thicker in the right side (3.38 mm) than the left side (3.09 mm) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A separate distolingual root is not rare in mandibular first molars in the Korean population. Anatomic and morphologic knowledge of the mandibular first molar can be useful in treatment planning, including surgical endodontic treatment.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Humans ; Molar* ; Prevalence

We present a case of posterior atlantoaxial screw-rod fixation in a patient with an aberrant vertebral artery (VA) course combined with bilateral high-riding VA. An aberrant VA which courses below the posterior arch of the atlas (C1) that does not pass through the C1 transverse foramen and without an osseous anomaly is rare. However, it is important to consider an abnormal course of the VA both preoperatively and intraoperatively in order to avoid critical vascular injuries in procedures which require exposure or control of the VA, such as the far-lateral approach and spinal operations.
Atlanto-Axial Joint ; Bone Screws ; Humans ; Vascular System Injuries ; Vertebral Artery