OBJECTIVEAn approach for analysis of HIV quasispecies using Miseq high-throughput sequencing platform (hereinafter referred to as Miseq platform) was established and applied to contact tracing for a possible case of HIV sexual transmission.

METHODSFour plasma specimens were collected from 2 HIV infections (P1 and P2) suspected to be involved in the sexual transmission and 2 local HIV infections as controls (P3 and P4). The RNAs were extracted from the specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HIV subtyping, Miseq platform was performed to detect and sequence the HIV quasispecies (352 bp) in each specimen. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated by using the top 5, 20, 100, 500, and all quasispecies, respectively.

RESULTSThe subtypes of HIV from all 4 specimens were CRF01_AE. 23 788 to 37 397 cleaned sequences representing 1 229 to 1 412 unique HIV quasispecies were obtained from these specimens by using Miseq platform. The average genetic distance (3.5%-4.5%) between quasispecies from specimens P2 and P1 was significantly lower than that (10.3%-19.6%) between quasispecies from P2 and the controls (P3 or P4). Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that sequences from specimens P1 and P2 clustered together while sequences from P3 and P4 exhibited completely independent clusters. When the top 20 or more quasispecies from each specimen were analyzed, sequences from P1 showed a paraphyletic relationship with those from P2, which may indicated that the direction of HIV transmission was from P1 to P2.

CONCLUSIONWith the feature of convenient and economic operation, Miseq platform has high practical value in contact tracing of possible HIV transmission.

This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS in Cebu, Philippines. The study utilized Husserlian qualitative phenomenological design. Ethics clearance was acquired from Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center - Ethics Review Committee. There were 7 informants that were recruited through purposive sampling and research referral techniques. The researchers used an open ended interview guide where interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed using Collaizi's method. Three (3) themes have emerged in this study. The first emerging theme is, (1) Why get tested? With the following subthemes of, (a) Presence of Risky Behavior; and (b) Knowledge that lead to testing. The second theme is, (2) Challenges after diagnosis with subthemes of, (a) Psychosocial challenges; and (b) Physical Challenges. Lastly, the third theme is, (3) Response and Coping with HIV/AIDS with the following subthemes, (a) Establishing old and new networks: Support systems; (b) Socio-spiritual changes: lifestyle changes and being more religious; and (c) Moving Forward. High risk sexual patterns, knowing that a partner is HIV positive and the presence of some signs and symptoms are the factors considered for testing. PLWHA's compliant of their treatment regimen despite the undesirable side effects and opportunistic infections. Stigma results to non-disclosure of status and mental health issues are common. The presence of support groups is essential; PLWHA's are willing to adapt a healthy lifestyle; and they become advocates of the disease. There is a need to increase the promotion of safe sex practices and health education about HIV/AIDS. Continuous support is needed in order to increase visibility of support groups, and the development of self-advocacy skills of PLWHA's. Mental health should also be given attention.

Ambulatory Care Facilities ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male

HIV Seropositivity ; Head ; Humans ; Neck ; Otolaryngology ; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases ; surgery ; virology

The persistence of the HIV-1 reservoir is still the main obstacle to the cure of HIV. In clinical research, reliable biomarkers are needed to label it. HIV-1 DNA can be continuously detected in the HIV-1 reservoir. It has significant application value in diagnosing HIV-1 infection, the timing of antiretroviral therapy, the prediction of virus rebound, and monitoring treatment effects. The detection technology based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most commonly used HIV-1 DNA detection method in clinical practice. The continuous innovation and advancement of technology can accurately detect the total, integrated, and unintegrated HIV-1 DNA in infected cells using qualitative or quantitative methods. Different forms of HIV-1 DNA in infected cells have been increasingly reported as biomarkers in HIV infection monitoring and AIDS treatment-related research. This article reviews the progress of HIV-1 DNA.
Humans ; HIV-1/genetics* ; HIV Infections/diagnosis* ; DNA ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; HIV Seropositivity

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the Chinese language version of the appraisal questionnaire (AQ) for HIV/AIDS (HIV positive persons).

METHODSThe scale was translated and adapted into Chinese and then reversely translated into English. The internal consistency reliability, structural validity, differential validity and predictive validity were evaluated by prevalence study in the city of Guangzhou.

RESULTSCronbach's alpha coefficient achieved a value ranged from 0.530 to 0.886, with satisfied predicted validity. The regression equation accounted for 24.4% of variance in anxiety, and all factors of cognition accounted for 11.4% of variance, among all factors, only factor one had significant influence on anxiety (t=3.838, P<0.001); the regression equation accounted for 38.6% of variance in depression, and all factors of cognition accounted for 26.0% of variance. Factor I and factor II had significant influence on depression (t=5.707, P<0.001; t = -2.876, P<0.01). The results of differential validity suggested the mean scores of factor III were lower in the group with lower education level and monthly salary. Meanwhile, the persons with monthly salary under 300 yuan RMB had higher mean score of factor I, and the persons with lower academic degree had lower mean score of factor II. The principal-components factor analysis yielded three factors with common factor larger than 1.0, which were threat, challenge and controllability; and the three factors accounted for 62.23% of the total variance.

CONCLUSIONThe AQ Chinese version attained satisfactory reliability and validity. Even considering some essential explanatory words for the Chinese version, the scale might be attempted to use in the population with HIV in our country.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the recently updated 4th generation Elecsys HIV combi PT assay (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) to those of the ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay (Abbott Laboratories, Germany). METHODS: A total of 2,003 fresh random clinical samples, 4 HIV seroconversion panels, a WHO International Standard p24 antigen sensitivity panel, 5 HIV-1 subtype viral lysates, and 5 HIV-1 subtype antibodies were tested in comparative studies with the Elecsys HIV combi PT and ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assays. Samples were assayed with both tests on the same day. The MP Diagnostics HIV Western Blot 2.2 Assay, the Elecsys HIV p24 Ag Test and Confirmatory Test, and the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test were performed as supplementary tests. RESULTS: Both the Elecsys and ARCHITECT assays detected viral antigens in all four seroconversion panels on the same bleed days, and had lower limits of detection of <1 IU/mL with the p24 antigen sensitivity panel. The ARCHITECT assay showed slightly higher sensitivity in detecting viral antigens with some HIV-1 subtype viral lysates, while the Elecsys assay was more sensitive in detecting each of the 5 HIV-1 subtype antibodies. Both assays detected 5/5 HIV+ clinical samples correctly. The analytical specificities of the Elecsys and ARCHITECT assays were 99.90% and 99.80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Elecsys HIV combi PT assay performed comparably to the ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay. Thus, the Elecsys HIV combi PT assay is suitable for diagnostic testing in university hospital settings.
Antibodies ; Antigens, Viral ; Blotting, Western ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV* ; HIV-1 ; Limit of Detection ; Mass Screening ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective: To analyze the dynamic changes and influencing factors of HIV-1 DNA load in HIV-1 infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province, and provide information support for the clinical use of HIV-1 DNA quantitative detection. Methods: The HIV infection cases in recent infection cohort from Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2009-2018 were selected as study subjects. The dynamic curve of HIV-1 DNA load varrying with time was generated and logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors for HIV-1 load in the recent follow up after ART and statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 17.0. Results: Among the 113 HIV infection cases detected from the recent infection cohort, the recent HIV infection rate were 49.6%(56/113) males, sexual transmission cases and drug injection transmission cases accounted for 53.1% (60/113), 80.5% (91/113) and 19.5% (22/113), respectively. The dynamic changes curve showed that HIV-1 DNA load was relatively high (>800 copies /10⁶ PBMCs) before ART, and droped rapidly (<400 copies /10⁶ PBMCs) after ART for 1 year. However, HIV-1 DNA load decreased insignificantly from the second year of ART, and remained to be 269 copies/10⁶ PBMCs after ART for 6 years. Univariable logistic regression analysis indicated that OR (95%CI) of CD8, CD4/CD8 and HIV-1 DNA load were 1.00 (1.00-1.00), 0.30 (0.09-1.05) and 1.01 (1.00-1.01), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that OR value of HIV-1 DNA load base was 1.00 (1.00-1.01). Conclusions: HIV-1 DNA load decreased significantly in the first year of ART, then remained stable for years. HIV-1 DNA load base was the key factor associated with the decrease of HIV-1 DNA load, the lower the HIV-1 DNA load base, the lower HIV-1 DNA load. Therefore, earlier ART can contribute to the decrease of HIV-1 DNA load.
China/epidemiology* ; DNA/therapeutic use* ; HIV Infections/drug therapy* ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1/genetics* ; Humans ; Male ; Viral Load

Coinfection ; Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; HIV ; genetics ; HIV Infections ; virology ; HIV Seropositivity ; Hepacivirus ; genetics ; Hepatitis C ; virology ; Humans

Serum samples from three populations of Papua New Guinea, where Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are coendemic at high prevalence rates, showed statistically significant ELISA co-seropositivity and co-seronegativity. Cross-reactivity was further indicated by the presence of 10 bands ranging from 134 kDa to 18 kDa on immunoblots of electrophoresed whole lysate P. falciparum antigen against serum of HTLV-1 seropositive patients from an area where malaria is not present. Similarly, sera from patients positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a non-malarious region produced immunoblot bands ranging from 134 kDa to 33 kDa to the P. falciparum antigen. The HTLV-1 and HIV serum samples yielded a number of immunoblot bands when reacted to an electrophoresed human O type red cell membrane antigen, but those bands had no identity to the cross-reactive bands on the P. falciparum antigen immunoblots. Malaria-positive sera from Papua New Guinean subjects presumed to be uninfected with HIV produced a variety of bands, some of intense prominence, to HIV antigen on diagnostic Western blots. PIP: Serum samples from three populations of Papua New Guinea, where Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are coendemic at high prevalence rates, showed statistically significant ELISA co-seropositivity and co-seronegativity. Cross-reactivity was further indicated by the presence of 10 bands ranging from 134 kDa to 18 kDa on immunoblots of electrophoresed whole lysate P. falciparum antigen against serum of HTLV-1 seropositive patients from an area where malaria is not present. Similarly, sera from patients positive for HIV from a nonmalarious region produced immunoblot bands ranging from 134 kDa to 33 kDa to the P. falciparum antigen. The HTLV-1 and HIV serum samples yielded a number of immunoblot bands when reacted to an electrophoresed human O type red cell membrane antigen, but those bands had no identity to the cross-reactive bands on the P. falciparum antigen immunoblots. Malaria-positive sera from Papua New Guinean subjects presumed to be uninfected with HIV produced a variety of bands, some of intense prominence, to HIV antigen on diagnostic Western blots.
Antibodies, Protozoan - immunology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; HIV Seropositivity - immunology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology