BACKGROUND: Few studies have attempted to compare the differences in the prevalence and impact factors of hysterical tendencies (HTs) in adolescents. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine gender differences in the prevalence and impact factors of adolescents' HTs across three eastern Chinese provinces (Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang). METHODS: A multicenter, school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in three provinces (Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang) in China in 2014. The sample included 10,131 middle-school students aged 13-18 years who were randomly selected using a multiphase, stratified, cluster sampling technique. A two-stage appraisal procedure was used to determine the adolescents' HTs. We also designed a multicenter, school-based, case control (1329 cases with 2661 control individuals) study to collect data on the common factors affecting this population using a common protocol and questionnaire. RESULTS: An overall positive rate of HTs among adolescents across the three eastern Chinese provinces studied was found at 13.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.5-13.8%), at 14.5% (95% CI 13.3-15.7%) for females, and at 12.2% (95% CI 11.1-13.4%) for males. Gender-stratified, multiple conditional regression analyses revealed that superstitious beliefs pertaining to life, somatotype, teacher-student satisfaction, and family achievement orientation were significantly linked to HTs only in males, while left-behind adolescents, emotional and social adaptation, teacher-student support, family cohesion, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - depression scores were significantly associated with female HTs only. The models indicated that of all the independent variables studied, family medical history was the strongest impact factor for both male HTs (adjusted matched odds ratio (amOR) = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.84-4.86) and female HTs (amOR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.59-4.98). CONCLUSIONS HTs are prevalent among adolescents in the three eastern Chinese provinces studied. Gender differences in the prevalence and impact factors of HTs are significant in adolescents, and HTs seem to affect more females than males. Therefore, sex-specific intervention programs against HTs in adolescents should be considered to reduce HT prevalence in adolescents by modifying influential social, school, and family factors.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; psychology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Histrionic Personality Disorder ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Students ; psychology

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Hysteria ; epidemiology ; Schools

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Hoarseness ; therapy ; Humans ; Hysteria ; therapy ; Male

PURPOSE: The penile augmentation operation is becoming popular in Korea, but there is not enough data about psychologic aspects of Korean male's thoughts about their penile size. We investigated the flaccid and stretched penile sizes of young Korean males and their penile size complex or pride. We performed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test. This study may be used for better patient consultation in penile augumentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After explanation and agreement to the purpose and methods of this study, 123 Korean male in early 20's who visit our institution were studied. We measured their pre-pubic bone fat pad depth, flaccid penile length, flaccid mid-shaft circumferences and stretched length under warm and comfortable private environment. Because the stretched penile length closely correlated with the erect length, we did not measure the erect length. Then they were asked to answer questions of MMPI and other questions including, 'how do you think about your penile size?'. We used the student t-test to analyze our data statistically. RESULTS: In 123 subjects, mean flaccid length, flaccid circumference, stretched length and fat pad depth were 6.9 0.8cm, 8.5+/-1.1cm, 9.6+/-0.8cm and 1.1+/-0.4cm respectively (Table 1). In 123 subjects, the distribution of the answer about penile size was 1 (0.8%) 'very small', 29 (23.6%) 'small', 86 (69.9%) 'normal', 6 (4.9%) 'large', and 1 (0.8%) 'very large'. Compared to the subjects who thought their penis was normal, the subjects who thought their penile size was small, showed high hypochondriasis and psychasthenia scale and the subjects who thought their penile size was large, showed high hysteria scale in MMPI test. Subjects who underestimated their penile size, showed high depression, psychasthenia scale in MMPI test CONCLUSIONS: In consultation of the patient who want penile augmentation, urologist should consider psychologic tendency of the patients about their penile size.
Adipose Tissue ; Depression ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; Korea* ; Male ; MMPI ; Penis ; Psychology ; Self Concept*

BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain are representative disease entities of chronic facial pain. Most patients of these disaeses could be accompanied with psychological, emotional problems as their pain become chronic. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether different types of chronic facial pain lead to alteration in personality disorder or they are associated with particular characteristics of personality disorders using Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI). METHODS: 40 patients of trigeminal neuralgia and 21 patients of atypical facial pain who had responded MMPI were enrolled in this study. Two groups were compared for age, sex, pain intensity (Visual analogue scale, VAS), duration of pain, MMPI scores and psychological impression from MMPI results. RESULTS: Pain intensity and chronicity were more severe and longer in trigeminal neuralgia group than atypical facial pain. However, some MMPI profiles such as hypochondriasis and hysteria were significantly elevated in atypical facial pain. Pain intensity and duration did not correlate with MMPI profiles in each group. Meaningful psychological impression from MMPI results which were interpreted by one psychologist were shown in 13 patients of trigeminal neuralgia (32.5%) and 14 patients of atypical facial pain (66.7%). Especially, psychosomatic disorder was most frequently found in atypical facial pain patients (47.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Atypical facial pain have more psychologic and emotional problems than trigeminal neuralgia, regardless of pain intensity and chronicity. Therefore, psychologic evaluation and treatment should be considered in atypical facial pain.
Chronic Pain ; Facial Pain* ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; Minnesota* ; MMPI* ; Personality Disorders ; Psychology ; Psychophysiologic Disorders ; Trigeminal Neuralgia*

OBJECTIVES: This subjects investigated the psychological characteristics of patients with functional dyspepsia. METHODS: The subjects included ninety patients with functional dyspepsia and sixty four psychiatric out-patients. We administered Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Illness Behavior Questionnaire(IBQ). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the patients with functional dyspepsia and the psychiatric out-patients by MMPI. Two groups both showed a higher distribution in hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria subscales than in any other subscales. The patients with functional dyspepsia showed lower scores in disease conviction and affective disturbance subscales in IBQ subscales were similar between the patients with functional dyspepsia and the psychiatric out-patients. The patients with functional dyspepsia were divided into three groups for the Multivariate cluster analysis: normal(group 1), similar to psychiatric out-patient(group 2), and severe neurotic(group 3). The severe neurotic group showed higher scores in hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychathenia, and schizophrenia subscales in MMPI and showed significant different scores in affective disturbance, disease conviction, psychological and somatic concerns, affective disturbance, denial, and irritability subscales in IBQ. CONCLUSION: If patients with functional dyspepsia show severe neurotic behavior, such as those in(group 3), they would need appropriate psychiatric intervention.
Denial (Psychology) ; Depression ; Dyspepsia* ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; Illness Behavior ; MMPI ; Outpatients ; Psychology* ; Schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) are characterized by repeated seizures that are typically caused by stress and psychologic problems such as anxiety and depression. This contrasts with epileptic seizures (ES), which are transient and caused by irregular excitement of nerve cells. PNES can be found in patients with ES, but due to their differing etiologies, it is important to determine the psychologic characteristics that differentiate PNES from ES. METHODS: This study identified psychopathologic and personality traits in 137 patients with PNES (n=7, 49.3% female) or ES (n=0, 35.7% female) using MMPI. The diagnosis was based on a medical history of seizures and the clinical examination in patients who visited the epilepsy clinic. Statistical analyses for comparing MMPI differences between the two groups were conducted using the t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of covariance. RESULTS: We analyzed the frequency of individuals who exhibited a T score of ≥5 on the MMPI, and the results indicated that there were significantly more patients in the PNES group than in the ES group who had elevated scores on the hypochondriasis (Hs) scale and hysteria (Hy) scale. The mean scores of Hs, Hy, paranoia scale and schizophrenia scale were significantly higher in the PNES group than in the ES group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with PNES have greater psychologic problems than ES patients. Differences in MMPI profile patterns between patients with PNES and ES may be helpful in tailoring appropriate therapeutic interventions for the two groups.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; MMPI* ; Neurons ; Paranoid Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Seizures*

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to see an incidence of depression, and to see the characteristics of demographic variables, maternal psychologic state and family environments in adolescent children with type I DM who was in depressive mood. METHODS: Among children with type I DM who participated in a diabetes summer camp which was held in Daegu between August 6th and 10th, 2004, authors sent questainnaires which included CDI/ BDI for children, MMPI and SCL-90 for patients' mothers, and FES which mothers were asked to respond to the 40 patients' house after gaining parents and patients' permission by telephoning. Twenty-three out of 40 patients completed these questainnaires. Study patients consisted of 10 boys and 13 girls. Their mean age was 13.3 years. RESULTS: There were significant differences in maternal MMPI and SCL-90 between depressive and non-depressive group. Among the maternal MMPI, the t-scores of hypochondriasis and hysteria in depressive group were higher than those of non- depressive group. And among the dimension of SCL-90, t-score of depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety and psychoticism in depressive group were higher than those of non-depressive group (P<0.05). These findings were concordant with prior findings that the mothers of diabeteic childen were more depressed and anxious than the mothers of control children. CONCLUSION: Though there are several limitation to this study, this study found high incidence rate in children with type I diabetes, and replicate prior findings supporting the effect of type I diabetes on the maternal psychologic state and family functioning. Larger size group is necessary to confirm our findings.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Child* ; Daegu ; Depression ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; Incidence ; MMPI ; Mothers ; Parents

To investigate personality characteristic of dry eye patient, an investigation on objective personality characteristics of 41 dry eye syndrome patients was performed with MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). Of 41 patients tested, 14 (34.1%)patients had at least one MMPI clinical scale more than 70 point of T-score, abnormality greater than 70 point of T-score occurred most frequently in the scales for ypochondriasis, psychasthe-nia, depression, hysteria, social introversion.In the group profile study, mean T-scores on each clinical scale were within normal range, and the highest scales in rank order were hypochondriasis, depression, psychasthenia. In the relation between results of TBUT and Schirmer test and T-scores of each clinical scale, correlation coefficient is insignificantly low (r0.4). Therefore we recommend comprehension of their emotional condition and an additional psycholgical management with classical treatment as dry eye syndrome management.
Comprehension ; Depression ; Dry Eye Syndromes* ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; MMPI ; Reference Values ; Weights and Measures

Convergence spasm is characterized by esotropia at near fixation in otherwise orthophoria or possibly exotropia at distance. A sustained convergence is usually associated with spasm of accomodation. This syndrome classically includes induced myopia, miosis of accomodation, esotropia and diplopia which increase at near fixation. A spasm of convergence of organic origin is very rare indeed but has been in central nervous system diseases of irritative type such as meningitis, encephalitis and post-encephalitic states. This condition may be seen in hysteria and traumatic neurosis. The case reported in the following was an 11 year old boy who presented with hysterical convergence spasm associated with an increase in accomodation, miosis and nystagmus at near fixation.
Central Nervous System Diseases ; Child ; Diplopia ; Encephalitis ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Hysteria ; Male ; Meningitis ; Miosis ; Myopia ; Spasm*