A new edition of infection control manual was brought out after months of reviewing the utility of the preceding edition. Using the new manual, a series of study meetings were held with the aim of raising awareness among the personnel of infection prevention.Preventive measures have been changing with rapid advances in medical treatment. The old manual, which had undergone revision repeatedly, was not utilized fully. In view of the situation, questionnaires were distributed to all the members of the hospital staff (n=447) to investigate the reasons why the manual had not been utilized. Although many respondents were of the opinion that the old manual was out of date, too thick, and unreadable, 44.7% said they had used it. 55.3% answered that they had asked their superiors or colleagues out of necessity. Based on these results, we started making a compilation of a new manual, easy to understand and friendly to the users. It took about six months to complete it. Copies of the new manual were given to all the staff members. In the study meetings, various subjects were taken up for discussion, including the definition of nosocominal infection, “universal precaution,” how to effectively wash your hands, how to keep the rest rooms clean, how to wear the gloves and mask, and so forth. We believe that the personnel’s consciousness of infection prevention was further raised by holding the study meetings.
Manuals ; Prevention ; Infection as complication of medical care ; Hospitals ; Infections of musculoskeletal system

Diagnosis is difficult in patients who complain of slight fever without objective abnormalities. It is not rare that patients without signs of typical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection have a delayed TB diagnosis. It has been reported that the QuantiFERON TB-2G test is useful for diagnosing latent TB infection. We report a patient who suffered from sweating, body weight loss, and a fever of less than 37.5C without abnormalities in routine tests. Except for his complaints, only QuantiFERON TB-2G testing suggested his illness, after which he was successfully treated with isoniazid administration. QuantiFERON TB-2G testing might be useful to diagnose patients with slight fever when TB is suspected but a conventional workup is not diagnostic.

  Specific activities of the working group include reviewing the assessment score sheet of all falls and the preventive measures by degree of risk, making staff education, training, monitoring the implementation of the safety and preventive recommendations for prevention of falls.
  The data of all inpatient falls which occurred during one year prior to and one year subsequent to the WG intervention were analyzed.
  The incidence of inpatient secondary falls, decreased from 155 to 108 , and reports of level III severe falls, showed a reduction from five cases to three. Statistically, the total percentage of secondary falls incidence decreased from 2.19‰ to 1.54‰.
  We therefore concluded that through the activities of the WG, the strengthening of the in-house system to prevent secondary falls, staff education, training, and heightened staff safety awareness have led to a decrease in the total number of primary and secondary inpatient falls.

Twenty endurance-trained athletes (five male speed-skaters, eleven male and four female cross-country skiers, 16-18 years) ran on a treadmill by a protocol of incremental graded increase in workload until exhaustion during an endurance training period in off-season summer. Immediately after exercise, all developed peripheral leukocytosis (1.9 times; p<0.01) due mainly to lymphocytosis (2.6 times; p<0.01) with a predominant effect on large granular lymphocyte (natural killer cell) count (5.9 times ; p<0.01) . Monocyte count was also enhanced 2.3 times (p<0.01) . These increases were transitory and returned to the pre-exercise levels 1 h later. Peripheral neutrophilia was also observed by 43% (p<0.01) immediately after exercise and remained elevated by 25% (p<0.01) 1 h after exercise, but a shift to the left did not take place. The capacity of isolated neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species was assessed by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence which detects mainly myeloperoxidase (MPO) -mediated formation of such hyperreactive oxidants as HOCl. The maximum intensity of chemiluminescence (peak height) upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan was significantly enhanced following exercise (p<0.05) . Similar results were obtained when phorbol myristate acetate was employed as nonphagocytic soluble stimulus (p<0.01), suggesting that the capacity of neutrophils to degranulate MPO rather than phagocytosis was enhanced following exercise. In addition, the enhancements of chemiluminescence were positively correlated with the increase in segmented neutrophil count. These data indicate that maximal exercise not only mobilized mature neutrophils from the marginated pool into the circulation, but also augmented their capacity to generate reactive oxygen species of higher reactivity.

Objective: Similarity of drug names is one factor of dispensing incidents.  The aim of this study was to survey the relation between sensual similarities of drug names and the occurrence of taking errors for pharmacists who actually prepare medicine.
Methods: A pair of drugs (15 incident pairs and 104 control pairs) was displayed on a computer screen at random.  The subject’s task was to determine the sensual similarity of them.  Thirteen pharmacists who prepared these pairs and caused their incidents participated in the experiment.
Results: The result showed that the sensual similarity of drug names of incident pairs was found to be highly significant in comparison to one of the control pairs [p=0.026].  However, the similarity in incident pairs is not necessarily high.  It was suggested that the similarity of drug name was not the only factor of taking error.  Multiple linear regression analyses of the sensual similarity in control pairs were performed, in which 10 variables were reported as quantitative indicators of similarity of drug name and were able to be measured on the internet.  The correlation was good [R²=0.828].  However, this regression model was not useful when adjusting to incident pairs.  In incident pairs, the similarity value calculated by the regression model was lower than the measured sensual similarity.
Conclusion: The result suggested that measured sensual similarity includes other risk factors of taking error, such as appearance similarity and/or efficacy similarity and/or short distance arrangement.  It seemed that the pharmacist’s ability complicated the factor of taking error.

Objective: Taking the wrong medicine or medication error is a serious concern to patient safety.  The aim of this study was to statistically survey the relation between the placement of drugs on medicine shelf and the occurrence of error in taking a medicine.
Methods: The study comprised 2 groups.  The incident group contained 43 cases that were erroneously taken in the Obihiro Kosei General Hospital.  The control group contained 43 drug pairs matched by the similarity index of the drug names from among the drugs used in the hospital at random.  The similarity index of drug names was based on 10 quantitative indicators.  The distance of medicine shelf arrangement was represented by three variables: the horizontal distance, the vertical distance and the distance of shelf block.  Conditional logistic regression analyses of the occurrence of medication errors were performed by evaluating the three variables of the distance factor and their interaction for error in taking a similar-sounding named drugs.
Results: Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that the vertical distance (OR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.42-0.99) and the distance of the shelf block (OR: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.57-0.97) were significant risk-reduction factors of medication errors.  Four variables were extracted as the most suitable logistic regression model in terms of the interaction between them.  As the interaction between 3 variables (the horizontal distance, the vertical distance and the distance of shelf block) was significant (OR: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99), they may be considered as synergistic risk-reduction factors.  Moreover, the horizontal distance was found to be a risk-enhancement factor (OR: 1.52, 95%CI: 0.93-2.48).
Discussion: In order to reduce the risk of medication errors due to similar-sounding drug names, placement of drug on the medicine shelf should take into consideration the three coordinates of the distance factor.

We report a case of serous gonarthritis with nonproductive cough successfully treated with Eppikajutsuto. A 37-year-old Japanese man developed a right genicular arthrocele with nonproductive cough, in October X. Over 100 ml of serous synovial fluid was drained via an arthrocentesis puncture procedure. Although he was treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents by an orthopedist, under a diagnosis of serous gonarthritis, his symptoms did not improve. Laboratory findings suggested inflammatory conditions (serum CRP 3.4 mg/dl, ESR 76 mm/h). At the time of his first visit in January X+1, orthopedic examinations revealed that rheumatoid arthritis was unlikely, based on negative physical and laboratory findings. A contrast MRI knee joint scan did not demonstrate any tumor-like mass of synovium which would indicate pigmented villonodular synovitis. And orthopedists found it difficult to specify the cause of his serous gonarthritis. After a common cold in December X, cough stimulated by cold exposure was superimposed on serous gonarthritis.We utilized Eppikajutsuto under the interpretation that both his genicular arthrocele and nonproductive cough were due to a “sui” disturbance. This Eppikajutsuto therapy reduced his genicular arthrocele and nonproductive cough in1month. His symptoms and inflammatory reactions were completely improved in 3 months, regardless of gradual withdrawal of his medication.
Coughing ; Upper case ecks ; symptoms <1> ; Serous ; Treated with

We demonstrated two patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), successfully treated with Kampo medicine, and considered the resemblance between the clinical manifestation of FMS and SHO for Kanzo-bushi-to.The first case was a 52-year-old women who consulted a local hospital in 2001 due to althralgia and myalgia in the left hand, bilateral elbows, shoulders and foot. Her condition was diagnosed as FMS without abnormal findings in the thorough medical examination. Treatment with NSAIDs was not effective, so she consulted our department in 2004. She was treated with Keishi-ni-eppi-itto-ka-ryojutsu-ka-boi-ogi-kakkon. After two mouths, her symptoms had reduced to 50% by visual analog scale (VAS). By March 2006, her symptoms had significantly decreased to 20% by VAS and NSAIDs became unnecessary.The second case was a 58-year-old woman who had suffered from tolerable pain in her right elbow for 10 years. In 2004, she visited the Department of Orthology at her local hospital due to pain in the neck, bilateral arms and shoulders. There were no findings on cervical X-ray or neurological examination, and NSAIDs were administered. Her symptoms did not resolve, therefore, she consulted our department in 2005. She was diagnosed with FMS, based on fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for FMS of ACR (American college of rheumatology) in 1990. She was treated with Kanzo-bushi-to. After 3 months, her symptoms had reduced to 30% by VAS. By Mar. 2006, her pain had redused to 25% by VAS and she was physically fit enough for a daily life.
CSF1-R ; symptoms <1> ; Medicine, Kampo ; Pain ; Fibromyalgia

We report a case with an intractable jugular sense of discomfort, with dryness and nonproductive cough successfully treated with soshikokito. A 62-year-old Japanese man developed jugular sense of discomfort with dryness and nonproductive cough, after odontotherapy in October. Although he was treated with Western drugs by an otolaryngologist, under the diagnosis of xerostomia with no mechanical problems, his symptoms did not disappear. The symptoms followed a protracted course, and he further developed a loss of appetite. At the time of first visit in October, otorhinolaryngological studies showed no structural lesions or problems, with the exception of minimum salivation in the normal range on a gum test. There was no evidence of dry eyes. With the diagnosis of xerostomia, Bakumondoto-go-hangekobokuto was administered for a month but showed no sign of improvement. Making a shift to bukuryoin-go-hangekobokuto regained his appetite, but did not produce any improvement on dryness. We then utilized soshikokito under the interpretation that both dryness and nonproductive cough is ki-gyaku. The soshikokito therapy reduced his dryness in a month's time. Additionally, his nonproductive cough gradually decreased, and within 11 months after, he had no symptoms, regardless of a gradual medication withdrawal.
Coughing ; symptoms <1> ; seconds ; month ; Peripartum discomfort