We have treated 12 popliteal aneurysms in ten patients from 1965 to 1989. There were seven men and three women, aged 34 to 78 years (mean, 61.5 years). Two patients had bilateral aneurysms. The chief complaint was pain at rest, claudication, coldness, etc. in eight patients, a mass or induration at the popliteus in two patients, peroneal nerve or vein compression in one patient each. Angiography showed thrombotic obstruction in six legs and distal occlusion in one leg. Ten of aneurysms of eight patients were treated surgically. In two patients, the operation was done on emergency basis. Amputation was not necessary in any case. The operative method was usually excision of the aneurysm. Reconstruction was made with artificial vessels in the first patient who underwent bilateral aneurysm surgery. Auto-saphenous vein were used in other seven patients. All vein grafts were patent at follow-up (mean follow-up period, 4 years and 3 months). Arteriosclerotic changes were histologically observed in all aneurysms. Complications such as thrombotic obstruction and distal occulsion are frequent and leg amputation is necessary in some cases. Arterial reconstruction with an auto-saphenous vein is necessary for popliteal aneurysm.

Objective: The water-soluble extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (WER), which is used as a health food, reduced hyperglycemia and enhanced glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in KK-A^y mice, a type 2 diabetic animal model with obesity.In order to elucidate the reduction of hyperglycemia by WER, we investigated the translocation of glucose transporter 4, glucose uptake and associating signal transduction in rat skeletal muscle (L6) cells. Method: The glucose uptake was analyzed with radioactive 2-deoxy-D-glucose.The localization of GLUT4 in L6 cells treated with various concentrations of WER was analyzed with immunohistochemical staining and Western blot technique.As a positive control, insulin or troglitazone was used in these experiments.Furthermore, the activation of intracellular signaling pathways by Western blot analysis and the influence of glucose uptake using four kinds of inhibitors (LY294002 as potent PI3K inhibitor, rapamycin as mTOR inhibitor, Gö6983 as broad PKC inhibitor, compound C as AMPK inhibitor) was evaluated. Results: GLUT4 protein content in the plasma membrane was induced in a dose-dependent manner of WER without increasing the gene expression and amount of total protein in the L6 cells and the glucose uptake was augmented with increasing the amount of GLUT4 translocated on the plasma membrane.The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), Akt and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) were induced in a concentration dependent manner and inhibited by the above inhibitors except rapamycin. Conclusion: These results indicate that the hypoglycemic effect of some material(s) in WER may be due to the enhancement of glucose uptake through GLUT4 translocation on the plasma membrane by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway through improving insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Highly effective chemotherapy for patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is associated with almost a 100% cure rate. However, 20%–30% of patients treated with chemotherapy need to change their regimens due to severe adverse events (SAEs) or drug resistance. We examined the treatment outcomes of second-line chemotherapy for patients with low-risk GTN. METHODS: Between 1980 and 2015, 281 patients with low-risk GTN were treated. Of these 281 patients, 178 patients were primarily treated with 5-day intramuscular methotrexate (MTX; n=114) or 5-day drip infusion etoposide (ETP; n=64). We examined the remission rates, the drug change rates, and the outcomes of second-line chemotherapy. RESULTS: The primary remission rates and drug resistant rates of 5-day ETP were significantly higher (p < 0.001) and significantly lower (p=0.002) than those of 5-day MTX, respectively. Forty-seven patients (26.4%) required a change in their chemotherapy regimen due to the SAEs (n=16) and drug resistance (n=31), respectively. Of these 47 patients failed the first-line regimen, 39 patients (39/47, 82.9%) were re-treated with single-agent chemotherapy, and 35 patients (35/39, 89.7%) achieved remission. Four patients failed second-line, single-agent chemotherapy and eight patients (17.0%) who failed first-line regimens were treated with combined or multi-agent chemotherapy and achieved remission. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low-risk GTN were usually treated with single-agent chemotherapy, while 20%–30% patients had to change their chemotherapy regimen due to SAEs or drug resistance. The second-line regimens of single-agent chemotherapy were effective; however, there were several patients who needed multiple agents and combined chemotherapy to achieve remission.
Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy* ; Etoposide* ; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease* ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Methotrexate*

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated long-term outcomes of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) plus metformin therapy in terms of control of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and endometrial cancer (EC), and post-treatment conception. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 63 patients (42 with EC; 21 with AEH) who underwent fertility-sparing management using MPA plus metformin. MPA (400 mg/day) and metformin (750–2,250 mg/day) were administered to achieve complete response (CR). Metformin was administered until conception, even after MPA discontinuation. RESULTS: Of the total patients, 48 (76%) had a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² and 43 (68%) showed insulin resistance. Sixty-one patients (97%) achieved CR within 18 months. CR rates at 6, 8–9, and 12 months were 60%, 84%, and 90%, respectively. During a median follow-up period of 57 months (range, 13–115 months), relapse occurred in 8 of 61 patients (13.1%) who had achieved CR. Relapse-free survival (RFS) in all patients at 5 years was 84.8%. Upon univariate analysis, patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m² had significantly better prognoses than did those with BMI <25 kg/m2 (odds ratio=0.19; 95% confidence interval=0.05–0.66; p=0.009). Overall pregnancy and live birth rates per patient were 61% (19/31) and 45% (14/31), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MPA plus metformin is efficacious in terms of RFS and post treatment conception. Moreover, metformin may be more efficacious for patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m².
Body Mass Index ; Endometrial Hyperplasia ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Fertility Preservation ; Fertilization ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Live Birth ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ; Metformin ; Pregnancy ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies