Subject: patients with ages of 65 and lower from 1/3-15/4/1998 in Thñy nguyªn and Tiªn l·ng district hospitals, Hi phßng province. Method: cross sectional study; sample size: 1000 patients. Results: 10% patients with health insurance complain about the physician’s attitude in the out patient consultation where as no patients without health insurance complains about the physician’s attitude. In both hospitals, there are 50% out patient with health insurance and 10% in patients with health insurance who said that the prescribed drugs are mainly the domestic drugs, even not enough drugs so patients with health insurance must buy additional drugs
therapeutics ; Referral and Consultation

A retrospective study on the budget and fee utility for 1000 patients in Thuû nguyªn, Tiªn l·ng district hospital from March 1998 to April 1998 has shown that the state budget allocated for district hospitals mainly were low level (66% and 69% total budget of Thuû nguyªn and Tiªn l·ng, respectively). This did not facilitate to poor people who can receive the health services in district hospitals. There has not been the budget which allocated to poor people. And there has not been the equity in hospital fee between subjects with different income.
Hospitals ; Hospital Costs ; Family Characteristics

Background: Currently, the World Health Organization is encouraging developing countries to establish a seed lot system of rotavirus vaccine for production of this vaccine. Objectives: To determine gene sequences of rotavirus strain that was used for vaccine production and to evaluate its stability. Materials and method: Master seed (G4P6MS), Working seed (G4P6WS) and vaccine strain (G4P6VX) of Rotavirus were used for analysis at the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results: 855 base pairs of gene 4 (VP4); 1195 base pairs of gene 6 (VP6); 824 base pair of gene 9 (VP7) and 715 base pairs of gene 10 (NSP4) from seed lot system and vaccines of G4P6 strain were determined. The results demonstrated this seed lot system is completely stable during vaccine production. There is no difference for nucleotide and amino acid sequence in this seed lot system. Conclusion: G4P6 strain (2001019203) is completely stable during vaccine production.
gene sequences ; seed lot system ; G4P6 (2001019203) ; rotavirus vaccine

Background: Presently, toxicity decreased oral live rotavirus is a candidate for vaccine for the prevention of rotavirus induced diarrhea. According to the World Health Organization, the seed lot system is robustly checked, in which determining the stable of gene sequence. Objective: To determine the sequence of genes 4: 6: 9: 10 with base pair correlative 855: 824: 1314: 734 of seed lot system G1P4 (2001019210) during production of rotavirus vaccine. Subject and methods: Gene 4 (VP4), gene 6 (VP6), gene 9 (VP7) and gene 10 (NSP4) of seed lot system G1P4 were determined for gene sequencing and then comparing the nucleotide sequence as well as deduced amino acids from original strain with the produced strain and vaccine virus. Results and Conclusion: There was no different for nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence from the original strain during the production of rotavirus vaccine of G1P4 MS (2001019210) to producing strains of G1P4 WS and vaccine strains of G1P4 VX.
rotavirus vaccine ; gene sequence

Background: Rotavirus strain (KH0118) is used as the primary material to produce original rotavirus vaccine strains with the symbol of G1P8 MS. According to the World Health Organization\u2019s standard, the strain is needed to evaluate the stability of gene throughout analysis of gene and amino acid sequence during vaccine production. Objective: To determine the sequence of genes 4 (VP4), 6 (VP6), 9 (VP7) and 10 (NSP4) with base pair correlative 855:866:1345:745 of seed lot system and vaccine of G1P8 strain and to evaluate the stability of seed lot system during vaccine production. Subject and methods: ARN was divided from the original strain of rotavirus vaccine G1P8 MS, rotavirus vaccine productive strain (G1P8 WS) and rotavirus vaccine (G1P8 VX). Then using primer pairs to determine gene sequence VP4, VP6, VP7, NSP4 and comparing gene and amino acid sequence of the seed lot system. Results and Conclusion: The study demonstrated that, there was no difference for the nucleotide and amino acid sequence from the original strain during production of rotavirus vaccine G1P8 KH0118.
rotavirus vaccine ; G1P8 ; gene sequence

Background: \r\n', u'October 2000, Vietnam was acknowledged as the country to successfully eradicate the polio by WHO.This success was partly due to the oral polio vaccine (OPV) produced on the primary money cells by the Centre of Research, Production of vaccines and biologicals, Ha Noi. In 2006, the Centre developed the single polio vaccine type 1 from primary monkey cells.\r\n', u'Objectives: \r\n', u'To evaluate the safety and antibody titre .\r\n', u'Subjects and method: \r\n', u'6 lots of single polio vaccine type 1 (ISO- 90, Antibodies of Polio type 1,2,3; the standard sample F113 from Japanese research on Polio Institute\ufffd?\r\n', u'Using the tests (T- maker, D maker, PFU, CCID50) to check the safety of single polio vaccine type 1. \r\n', u'Results:\r\n', u'After 14 days, 6/6 lots of viruses were observed via the microscope that they stayed in well developed, and of no serious adverse affects.There was no appearance of degenerated cells. \r\n', u'Conclusion:\r\n', u'6/6 lots of single polio vaccine type 1 produced on Macca mulltta monkey kidney cells with the first time passage at POLYVAC in 2006 are safe and high antibody titre.\r\n', u'
Poliovirus Vaccine ; Oral ;

Background: Rotavirus type A is the most common cause of acute gastrointestinal inflammatory in children under 5 years old, especially in age groups 6 and 36 months. Some rotavirus strains are common; seen recently in Vietnam are G1, G2, G3, G4 and G9, P4, P6 and P8. Objective: Surveillance of epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus induced diarrhea in the National Pediatric Hospital from September, 2007 to March, 2008. Subject and methods: Collection of 322 stool specimens of pediatric patients with acute diarrhea (including 213 specimens from male, 109 specimens from female), who were treated in the National Pediatric Hospital. All of these specimens were determined for causes of rotavirus with the enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Results and Conclusion: Among these 322 stool specimens, there were 195 rotavirus positive specimens, accounted for 60.56%. The rate of monthly distribution of rotavirus diarrhea from September, 2007 to March, 2008 were 76%, 56%, 62%, 61%, 64%, 56% and 44%, respectively. Number of rotavirus positive cases in male and female was 56 (26.29%) and 79 (72.48%), respectively. The rate of rotavirus positive children compared to total number of specimens with the age 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6-12 months, 12-24 months, 24-36 months and over 36 months was 7.69%, 15.9%, 41.54%, 32.82%, 1.54% and 0.51%, respectively. The results of type identification indicated that phenotypes of 37 among 40 specimens were identified (92.5%) in which there were 5 specimens of G1P8 (12.5%), 20 specimens of G3P8 (50%), 1 specimen of G9P8 (2.5%), 2 specimens of G1Pmixed (5%), 9 specimens of G3Pmixed (22.5%), 1 specimen of G unidentified-type P8 (2.5%) and 2 specimens of G3 P unidentified-type (5%).
rotavirus ; diarrhea ; epidemiology

Background: Acute lower respiratory tract infection, mainly pneumonia, were the main reasons cause death for children under 5 years old. Objectives: Determine the isolated rate of bacteria inpatients under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Ha Noi and antibiotic resistance of pneumococcal isolated form patients. Subjects and method: Patients under 5 years old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in National hospital of pediatrics and Bach Mai hospital from 01/2002. Using quantitative culturedand PCR method. Results: Out of total 164 patients with lower respiratory tract infection, there were 91 diagnosed pneumonia by chest X-ray, 73 cases of acute bronchitis. 73,6% of the pneumococcal isolated were penicillin resistance (gPRSP) with different genes such as pbp 1a+2x+ab. Most of the S.pneumoniae strains were serotype 19F or 23F. There were no statistic differences by comparison charactersistics of weight, vessel, subclinical symptoms such as: dissolved oxygen level (S\xac\xacp\xac\xac\xac\xacO\xac2\xac), the amount of leucocyte in blood. However, temperature of pneumonia patients was higher than bronchitis patients, breathing of pneumonia patients was also faster than bronchitis patients. Isolated bacteria with amount \ufffd?106 cfu/ml was H.influenzae, S.pneumoniae and Moraxell catarrhalis in pneumonia group, bronchitis group was 28,8% and control group was 17,1%. Conclusion: Penicillin, erythoromycin and co-trimoxazole resistance rate of S.pneumoniaein patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection was high. Quantitative cultured method has prognostic value in diagnosis pneumonia.
Genes ; MDR/ drug effects ; immunology ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/ growth & ; development ; Anti-Bacterial Agents

Background: Acute gastroenterophathy usually caused by the Rota virus for children under 5 years old. Objectives: To present various types of data on epidemiology of ROTA virus diarrhea in Ho Chi Minh city from 12/2006-11/2007. Material and method: The data were collected from 500 stool specimens of diarrhea diagnosed chilren hosptalised at Thuy Dien Pediatric hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh city from December/2006 to November /2007. Results:There were 322 rotavirus-positive specimens, representing 64.4%. The proportions of monthly distribution of cases with diarrhea due to rotavirus were 90.1%, 54.39%, 85.37%, 74.51%, 72.92%, 41.67%, 26.67%, 58.33%, 79.31%, 52.63%, 69.05% and 57.78%, respectively. The numbers of rotavirus-positive cases in male and female were 216 (65.26%) and 106 (62.72%), respectively. The proportions of Rota virus positive children compared to total number of diarrheal cases with age 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-36 and over 36 months were 2.80%, 7.76%, 40.06%, 40.68%, 5.28% and 3.42%, respectively.\r\n', u'The results of typing identification indicated that the phenotypes of 98 among 100 specimens were identified (98%) in which there were sixty-one specimens of G1P8 (61%), one specimen of G2P8 (1%), fourteen specimens of G3P8 (14%), four of specimens of G4P8 (4%), eighteen specimens of GmixedP8 (18%). There were only two specimens of GnontypeableP8 (2%). Conclusion: Further studies should be carried out to clear this issue.\r\n', u'
Rotavirus ; gel type.