The incidence of hearing loss in workers who have exposed to organic solvent is 16.3%. The workers in the General Painting Company have highest hearing loss incidence, followed by Phuc Yen and Yen Vien Shoe Companies and Hung Yen Plastic Company. The risk of hearing loss is increased with presence of hazardous factors that involved in working environment (organic solvents and noisy), simultaneously it depended on the pollution of these factors. The worker group that has exposed to one occupational hazardous factor as organic solvent showed sound deaf alone type in the audiogram, and the group that exposed to both factors showed the V shape audiogram
Occupational Diseases ; Hearing Loss ; Environment

80% subjects among 50 bitten by dogs/cats were fully injected 4-6 doses of rabies vaccine. By ELISA (platelia Rage kit of Diagnostic Pasteur), we found that 42.5% of serum samples taken after injection 4 doses of rabies vaccine have titer 0.5IU/ml, it met WHO's minimum requirement. The GMT was 2.71 EU/ml. 62.5% of serum samples taken after injection 6 doses of rabies vaccine have titer 0.5IU/ml. The GMT was 3.14UE/ml.
Vaccines ; Rabies

40 out of 50 subjects bitten by dog/cat were injected completely 4- 6 doses of rabies vaccine. Using ELISA, the authors found that 42.5% of serum samples that taken after injecting 4 doses of rabies vaccine had antibody titer 0.5IU/ml, met the WHO’s minimum requirement. The GMT was 2.71IU/ml. 62.5% of serum samples taken after injecting 6 doses of rabies vaccine had antibody titer 0.5IU/ml. The GMT was 3.14EU/ml
Immune System ; Vaccines ; Rabies ; Autoimmunity

This is a study on establishing the National References for inactivated rabies vaccine for human produced in ViÖt Nam. The results showed that the ViÖt Nam National References for Rabies Vaccine met the requirements of WHO
Vaccines ; Rabies

40 out of 50 subjects bitten by dog/cat were injected completely 4- 6 doses of rabies vaccine. Using ELISA, the authors found that 42.5% of serum samples that taken after injecting 4 doses of rabies vaccine had antibody titer ³0.5IU/ml, met the WHO’s minimum requirement. The GMT was 2.71IU/ml. 62.5% of serum samples taken after injecting 6 doses of rabies vaccine had antibody titer ³0.5IU/ml. The GMT was 3.14EU/ml.
Immune System ; Vaccines ; Rabies ; Autoimmunity

Background: Recently Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus type 1 has surfaced and is co-circulated with JE virus type 3 in the northern areas of Viet Nam, so a sensitivity of JE viral antigen genotype 3 to detect IgM is required. Objectives: To compare the sensitivity of JE viral antigen genotype 1 and 3 to detect IgM against the JE virus. Materials and method: 783 cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from viral encephalitis cases from 1999-2005 were collected and examined by MAC-ELISA for JE viral antigen genotype 1 and 3. Results: The agreement on the diagnosis of these kinds of antigen was 99.7% and the sensitivity of JE viral antigen genotype 3 was higher than that of genotype 1. Thus, JE viral antigen genotype 3 could be considered as the selected antigen for JE diagnosis in Viet Nam. IgM titer determined by JE viral antigen genotype 1 was higher than that of genotype 3 in 2003 and 2005 and lower in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004. Conclusion: The dominant phenomenon of JE viral genotypes differing over the years might be due to the interaction of the virus and its vectors. Further study is required to clarify this observation.
Japanese Encephalitis ; antigen

Background: In recent year, Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) genotype 1 has been detected among isolates from mosquitoes and pig\u2019s blood samples in northern Viet Nam, but there has been no information on the presence of this genotype in the Central, Southern and Highland regions. Objectives: This study aims to detect the Japanese encephalitis genotype 1 in various different geographic regions of Viet Nam. Material and method: Sequence analysis\u2019s of whole E gene of 18 strains isolated from human, mosquitoes and pig\u2019s blood during 2001-2007. Results: 7 strains isolated from pig\u2019s blood and mosquito samples in the Northern, Central, Southern and Highland fell into genotype 1, but 11 others isolated from humans in the Northern and Central regions belonged to genotype 3. Conclusion: This is the first time that JEV genotype 1 was detected in the central, northern, highland Viet Nam and further studies on genotype 1 causing human diseases needs to be carried out.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Virus ; Japanese Encephalitis ; genotype 1 ; E gene.

Background: Mosquitoes and pigs play important roles in maintaining and increasing the Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus in nature and which is then transmitted to humans. Thus, surveillance of the JE infection frequency in the pig population may predict the human JE cases. \r\n', u'Objectives: The study aimed to determine IgG antibody against the JE virus in the pig population in Hanam province \r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study included 1791 pig serum samples collected from 3 districts of Hanam province from Apr 2006 to Mar 2007. GAC-ELISA technique was used to determine the JE virus infection in the swine population.\r\n', u'Results: The average positive rate in pig population was 34.9 % (626/1791); with the highest frequency occurring in the summer (37.7%- 84.0 %), co-incident with the JE season in Northern Vietnam. On the contrary, in winter JE case are rare, frequency of IgG antibody against JE virus in the swine population was low, ranging from 9.2% to 22.0.%. \r\n', u'Conclusions: These results have shown the ecologically close relationship between the amplification of the JE virus in the swine population, vector and JE cases in northern Vietnam. \r\n', u'
Japanese encephalitis ; pig population ; GAC-ELISA.

Background: IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA) technique has been widely applied for Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) diagnosis. So far rare internationally commercial kits are available. Thus, the international evaluation of the kit is required as per the recommendation of the WHO. Objectives: To evaluate the quality of the IgM antibody capture ELISA diagnostic kit for JEV produced by the Vietnam National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE). Subjects and method: In this study, NIID kit was used as control to check the kit from NIHE. Both NIHE and NIID kits were used to detect JEV IgM among 38 serum and 6 CFS samples, which belongs to 5 sample groups (JE patients group, dengue patients group, other viral encephalitis patients group, Tick Born Encephalitis (TBE) patient group and healthy JE vaccinated donors group). Results: The detection of JEV IgM by NIHE kit was concurrent with the NIID kit. There is no positive with the JE in the groups of Dengue patients, TBE, other virus encephalitis patients and JE vaccinated donors. Conclusion: MAC-ELISA kit of NIHE can be used for different diagnosis of JEV and Dengue virus (both viruses are in Flavivirus genus), as well as other viruses caused by encephalitis.
IgM antibody ; ELISA diagnostic kit ; Japanese encephalitis virus

Little is known about antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) intestinal carriage among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Vietnam. All HCWs at a tertiary intensive care units were asked to undertake weekly rectal swabs. Among 40 participants, 65% (26/40) carried extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)/AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Two HCWs colonized with ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. One HCW colonized with Acinetobacter baumannii. No one carried Pseudomonas spp.. A quarter (10/40) of HCWs were identified as persistent and frequent carriers. There is an urgent need to screen antibiotic-resistant GNB among HCWs and improve HCWs' hand hygiene compliance to reduce the transmission of antibiotic-resistant GNB in the hospital.