A 40-year-old man was admitted because of coronary heart disease with a totally calcified ascending aorta and Leriche's syndrome. Establishing a cardiopulmonary bypass seemed to be difficult because neither the ascending aorta nor femoral artery was suitable as a cannulation site. It was not until a prosthetic conduit for revascularization of the lower extremities was anastomosed to the right axillary artery in preparation for the conversion from off-pump to on-pump that off-pump CABG was performed. Subsequently revascularization of the lower extremities was completed. The patient had a satisfactory postoperative course. Off-pump CABG is useful for patients with a severely calcified ascending aorta and occlusive lesions below the descending aorta.

A 59-year-old man presented with sporadic febrile illness. Echocardiography showed multiple vegetations on the mitral valve. Blood culture yielded Viridans streptococci. Mitral valve replacement was performed, and a high dose of penicillin G sodium (24 million U/day) was administrated for 4 weeks postoperatively. On the 28th postoperative day, the patient developed severe back pain and bloody sputum. Chest CT showed a false aneurysm of the distal aortic arch (5.5cm). The patient was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass with the arterial return in the mid-aortic arch. The aneurysm was resected and replaced with a Dacron tube during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The aortic wall was interspersed with mobile nodules that appeared to be colonized. The aorto-pulmonary fistula was directly closed. The whole procedure was carried out through the 4th intercostal space. The tissue culture was negative but histopathology suggested a persistent inflammatory process. Excavating aortic sepsis may occur following active endocarditis. Even if cardiac infection is controlled, continuous search should be undertaken for possible dilatation in remote parts of the arterial system.

Objective : We performed a systematic review to investigate improvements in body function and structure, activity, and health-related quality of life from exercise programs of >150 days' duration in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods : We collected data on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of exercise intervention with those of either nonintervention or psychoeducational intervention in patients with knee OA. Data were collected on pain, stiffness, muscle strength, range of motion, flexibility, maximal oxygen uptake, proprioception, time to climb a flight of stairs, disability as assessed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), walking distance (e.g., 6-min walking-distance test), walking time (e.g., time to walk arbitrary distances), walking velocity, and health-related quality of life assessed using the SF-36^® Health Survey (SF-36). The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to determine the quality of the evidence. Results: Forty-one RCTs were identified. Outcomes that were significantly affected by exercise programs of >150 days were knee flexion muscle strength at a functional level, time to climb a flight of stairs and walking distance at activity level, and SF-36 General Health, Physical Functioning, Role-Physical, and Bodily Pain scales. The quality of evidence for these outcomes was moderate to high. Conclusion : In patients with knee OA, improvements in body function, activity, and health-related quality of life can be maintained with exercise programs of >150 days' duration, and these findings are supported by a moderate to high level of evidence.

Objectives : Mediastinitis results in significant morbidity in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. The management of mediastinitis is not well established in the pediatric population. Our strategy for pediatric mediastinitis after cardiac surgery consists of rapid introduction of simple vacuum-assisted drainage system and sternal closure without plombage under aseptic conditions. The efficacy of our strategy was examined. Methods : The records of 7 pediatric patients with mediastinitis after cardiac surgery managed with this drainage system from May 2006 to May 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The median age of the patients was 20.5 months and median body weight was 9.7 kg. Mediastinitis occurred 1-3 weeks after surgery. The mediastinum was re-explored immediately under general anesthesia after the diagnosis was made, and continuous drainage was used after extensive debridement was performed. We developed a simple vacuum-assisted drainage system consisting of conventional polyurethane foam, surgical drape containing povidone-iodine, and 1 to 3 silicone drainage tubes connected to a drain aspirator (-99 cmH₂O). Patients were allowed oral intake and resumption of daily activity after extubation. The components of the drainage system were exchanged every 2-3 days. The sternum was closed without the use of the omentum or muscle for plombage of the mediastinum after two negative topical swab cultures were obtained. Results : Negative topical swab cultures were obtained in all cases (3-12 days after the drainage commencement) and the sternum was closed 7-19 days after the drainage commencement. The median duration of hospital stay was 31 days (range, 14-47). Although one patient with prenatal infection died of aortic rupture, the remaining six children survived and did not experience recurrence after hospital discharge. Conclusion : The simple vacuum-assisted drainage system enabled rapid control of wound bacterial infection and sternal closure in postoperative pediatric mediastinitis without the need for special, and expensive devices.

We report 3 surgical cases of aortic graft replacement with reconstruction of an aberrant subclavian artery (ASA) for Kommerell diverticulum (KD) and ASA. Cases 1 and 2 both had a right aortic arch, KD and a left ASA. In these 2 cases, we performed distal aortic arch replacement and in-situ reconstruction of the left ASA via a right thoracotomy. Case 3 had an aortic arch aneurysm, KD and a right ASA. In this patient, we chose median sternotomy and total aortic arch replacement, using 2 pieces of artificial grafts with 1 and 4 branches, respectively. The right ASA was reconstructed by end-to-side anastomosis between the right axillary artery and the side branch of the graft with 1 branch. In all 3 cases, cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermia with a rectal temperature under 18°C were used in aortic graft replacement. In addition to deep hypothermia, either antegrade or retrograde cerebral perfusion was introduced, depending on the surgical situation, to provide additional brain protection. Selective ASA perfusion was performed in all patients during aortic graft replacement. In Case 1, aortic anastomosis was achieved while clamping, and cerebral perfusion was maintained via a cannula for aortic return at the ascending aorta. In Cases 2 and 3, aortic anastomosis was performed under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, using retrograde and antegrade cerebral perfusion respectively in Cases 2 and 3. The postoperative course was uneventful in all 3 patients.

This case report describes a 20-year-old man, who was a drug abuser, and was treated surgically for tricuspid valve endocarditis. He presented with fever, caused by tricuspid valve endocarditis with a lung abscess. Blood culture detected Staphylococcus aureus and cardiac ultrasonography showed tricuspid insufficiency and tricuspid valve vegetation. He was treated with intravenous antibacterial agents, but the inflammation signs did not improve. He had a large number of puncture scars, as a consequence of self-injection of drugs in his lower arm. He underwent tricuspid valve plasty, and recovered successfully. He was discharged 2 weeks after surgery, and we instructed him to return for follow-up examination in our hospital. However, he did not return to our hospital because he was arrested for drug possession. In such cases, it is necessary to consider the operative method relative to reuse of drugs in the postoperative management of medication.

A 48-year-old man underwent an non-anatomical bypass surgery for aortic coarctation when he was 38 years old, when a bypass laid between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta with a prosthesis (10 mm, internal diameter). Four years after the first surgery, aortic aneurysms at the proximal and distal sites of the coarctation were detected. Six years from then, we decided to perform another surgery when the maximum diameters of the proximal and distal sites exceeded 60 and 47 mm, respectively. We performed the aortic replacement from the proximal left subclavian artery to the descending aorta at eighth thoracic vertebra. The approach to the aortic aneurysm was through the extended left thoracotomy with the transection of the sternum. The cardiopulmonary bypass was established with an antegrade aortic perfusion (from the ascending aorta) and drainage from the right atrium. The circulatory arrest was obtained under deep hypothermia at 20°C measured by deep body temperature. After the surgery, the pressure differences between upper and lower extremities decreased to 10 mmHg, which had been 40 mmHg before surgery. Macroscopic observation showed the coarctation site was completely obstructed by an old thrombus. From this observation, we surmise that one of the reasons for the aneurysmal formation at the proximal site of coarctation might be an insufficient depressurization by the non-anatomical bypass grafting from the left subclavian artery to the descending aorta at the first surgery. We consider that a severe coarctation might become thrombotic sooner or later after a non-anatomical bypass surgery due to a change of blood flow, and a radical anatomical surgery would be recommended for adult coarctation cases.

We report a case of successful operation for multiple giant aneurysms with a right coronary artery fistula from the right coronary artery to the left atrium. A 35-years-old woman was found to have a right coronary artery aneurysm with a maximum diameter of 85mm, and two other coronary artery aneurysms with maximum diameters of 40 mm along the coronary fistula, which arose from the proximal right coronary artery, traversed the root of the left atrium, and drained into the left atrium. Surgical treatment was indicated to relieve symptoms and to prevent possible rupture of the aneurysms. She underwent resection of coronary artery aneurysms, closure of orifices of the fistula and coronary bypass grafting to the right coronary artery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged in good condition.

We report two cases of pseudoaneurysms occurring at the anastomotic sites that had to be repaired several times after the original Bentall and Cabrol procedure. Case 1. A 62-year-old man had surgery to repair pseudoaneurysms at the anastomotic sites of the distal ascending aorta and right coronary artery 22 years after undergoing the original Bentall procedure. The anastomosis of the left coronary artery was normal at the time of the operation ; however, he was given a diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm at the anastomotic site of the left coronary artery 2 years after the operation. Case 2. A 61-year-old man with Marfan syndrome underwent surgery twice to repair pseudoaneurysms at the anastomotic sites of the aortic annulus and the left coronary artery 2 and 11 years, respectively, after the original Cabrol procedure. In addition, 23 years after the Cabrol procedure, he was given a diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm at the anastomotic site of the distal ascending aorta. Their pseudoaneurysms were successfully treated by the reanastomosis of new grafts. Computed tomography detected no recurrence of the pseudoaneurysm in the follow-up period. However, continual close observation for the recurrence of a pseudoaneurysm in the remaining anastomotic sites is necessary.

A 68-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of fatigue, polyuria, and loss of appetite, and was diagnosed with diabetic ketosis. Chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a pulmonary tumor on the right S3 and multiple liver tumors. Blood chemistry revealed elevated levels of amylase and hepatobiliary enzymes. Pathological examination of a biopsy specimen from the liver tumor showed a small cell carcinoma. Based on the imaging and pathological findings, we made a diagnosis of extensive disease small-cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC), cT1aN3M1b (HEP, ADR). Treatment with carboplatin and etoposide evoked partial response and the serum level of amylase decreased. Immunohistochemical staining of liver biopsy specimen was positive for amylase, leading to a diagnosis of SCLC with amylase production. About 22 months after the diagnosis of SCLC, he was admitted to our hospital with fatigue, muscular weakness, edema, and hyperpigmentation. Laboratory findings showed elevated serum levels of hepatobiliary enzymes, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol, and a decreased serum potassium level. Urinary potassium level was elevated. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed a normal morphology. We made a diagnosis of SCLC complicated by Cushing’s syndrome. We report this rare case of SCLC with amylase and ACTH production, which was detected in the course of treatment of SCLC.