The effects of skeletal muscle relaxants on skeletal muscle have been well known, but not effects of those drugs on smooth muscle have intensively studied. In an attempt to study the effects of pancuronium, gallamine, succinylcholine and d-tubocurarine on isolated tracheal preparation of mongrel dog. The writters have performed a set of experiment, of which results can be summarized as follow: 1) Pancuronium in dose of 3ug, 10ugi 30ug, 100ug produced dose-dependent relaxation on contraction. 2) Gallamine in dose of 100ug, 300ug, 1,000ug and 3,000ug produced dose dependent relax histamine action on histamine contraction. 3) Succinylocholine in dose of 10ug, 30ug, 100ug and 300ug produced dose dependent contraction on histamine contraction. 4) d-Tubocurarine in dose of 30ug, 100ug, 300ug and 1,000ug produced dose dependent contraction on histamine contraction. From the results described above, it can be concluded that pancuronium and gallamine have bronchodilating character and succinylcholine and d-Tubocurarine have bronchospastic character.
Dogs ; Animals

It is very common that stored blood and various replacement solutions are simultaneously administrated during operation. The stored blood of healthy man was used to find out the hemolysis due to various replacemen solutions for 21 days. We used for the test solutions which were 5% Dextrose in Water, 5% Dextrose and Saline, N-Saline, Volex, Rheomacrodex-D and Hartmann's solution. The results are as follows: 1) It was very significant that F-Value of all the replacement solutions was 8,4773. 2) The most prominent effect of hemolysis was in Rhemacrodex-D and the least one was hartmann's solution among the six replacement solutions for 21 days. 3) It was shown the peaked hemolysis aroun 15th day in the six replacement solutions.
Glucose ; Hemolysis* ; Water

The effects of skeletal muscle relaxants on skeletal muscle have been well known, but not the effects of these drugs on smooth muscle. In and attempt to study the effects of pancuronium, gallamine, succinylcholine, d-Tubocurrarine on siolated mongrel dog tracheal preparations, the writer has performed a set of experiment, of which results can be summarized as follows: 1) Pancuronium in dose of (r/cc) 3,10,30,100 produced dose dependent relaxation on Acetylcholine contraction. 2) Gallamine in dose of (r/cc) 30,100,300,1000 produced dose dependent relaxation on Acetylcholine contracction. 3) Succinylcholine in dose of (r/cc) 30,100,300,1000 produced dose dependent contraction on Acetylcholine contracction. 4) d-Tubocurarine in does of (r/cc) 30,100,300,1000 produced dose dependent contraction on Acetylcholine contracction. From the results described above, it can be concluded that pancuronium and gallamine had bronchodiating character and succinylcholine and d-Tubocurarine had bronchospastic character. But the clinical application of these results are still obscure.
Acetylcholine* ; Animals ; Dogs* ; Gallamine Triethiodide ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neuromuscular Agents ; Pancuronium ; Relaxation ; Succinylcholine ; Tubocurarine

Tracheal bronchus is an uncommon anomaly in which an ectopic bronchus originates directly from the supracarinal trachea. It is usually an asymptomatic anatomical variant incidentally found on computed tomography or bronchoscopy. However, it can present with symptoms, such as chronic cough, wheezing, atelectasis, and recurrent pneumonia. We report a case of tracheal bronchus diagnosed in the neonatal period, in which the term baby presented with respiratory distress and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn after birth, but no other congenital anomaly was found on further evaluation.
Bronchi* ; Bronchoscopy ; Cough ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Parturition ; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome ; Pneumonia ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Respiratory Sounds ; Trachea

PURPOSE: There are a number of reports suggesting that widespread propagation of weeds and high concentration of weed pollen have been contributed to climate change. We investigated the interrelationship between allergenic pollen concentration, allergic symptom and meteorological factor. METHODS: We collected data of pollen concentration and meteorological factors in 7 stations nationwide during between 1998 and 2012. We recruited total 297 allergic patients sensitized to weed pollens from each station, conducted a survey about allergic symptom, and calculated symptom index. We surveyed the vegetation area of ragweed and Japanese hop. Based on these data, we performed the long-term trend analysis (X11-ARIMA, autoregressive integrated moving average) on regional pollen concentration, and correlation analysis to investigate the interrelation between weed pollen concentration, allery symptom index and meteorological factor. We have also done regression analysis on vegetation area and maximal pollen concentration. RESULTS: Long-term trend analysis showed the increasing trend of pllen concentration in Seoul. Weed pollen concentration, allergy symptom index and each meteorological factor were not correlated significantly. Regression analysis revealed that increase of weed vegetation area results in increase of weed pollen concentration. Through this regression equation, we estimated the vegetation area that can product pollen concentration triggering allergenic risk. CONCLUSION: Meteorological factors, pollen concentration and allergic symptoms should be consistently assessed and the relationship between each factor should be analyzed, considering climate change. It is necessary to verify the equation for pollen estimation by vegetation area and set up a policy for vegetation control focused on the reduction of allergenic pollen.
Ambrosia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Humulus ; Hypersensitivity ; Meteorological Concepts ; Plant Weeds ; Pollen ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal* ; Seoul

According to the author's request, in this paper, the eighth author's (Bong-Seong Kim) affiliation should be corrected.

The old calendar of pollens did not reflect current pollen distribution and concentrations that can be influenced by changes of weather and environment of each region in South Korea. A new pollen calendar of allergenic pollens was made based on the data on pollen concentrations obtained in eight regions nationwide between 1997 and 2009. The distribution of pollen was assessed every day at 8 areas (Seoul, Guri, Busan, Daegu, Jeonju, Kwangju, Kangneung, and Jeju) for 12 years between July 1, 1997 and June 30, 2009. Pollens were collected by using Burkard 7-day sampler (Burkard Manufacturing Co Ltd, UK). Pollens which were stained with Calberla's fuchsin staining solution were identified and counted. Pine became the highest pollen in May, and the pollen concentrations of oak and birch also became high. Ragweed appeared in the middle of August and showed the highest pollen concentration in the middles of September. Japanese hop showed a high concentration between the middle of August and the end of September, and mugwort appeared in the middles of August and its concentration increased up until early September. In Kangneung, birch appeared earlier, pine showed a higher pollen concentration than in the other areas. In Daegu, Oriental thuja and alder produced a large concentration of pollens. Pine produced a large concentration of pollens between the middle of April and the end of May. Weeds showed higher concentrations in September and mugwort appeared earlier than ragweed. In Busan the time of flowering is relatively early, and alder and Oriental thuja appeared earliest among all areas. In Kwangju, Oriental thuja and hazelnut appeared in early February. Japanese cedar showed the highest pollen concentration in March in Jeju. In conclusion, update information on pollen calendar in South Korea should be provided for allergic patients through the website to manage and prevent the pollinosis.
Allergens ; Alnus ; Ambrosia ; Artemisia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Betula ; Corylus ; Cryptomeria ; Flowers ; Humans ; Humulus ; Pollen ; Republic of Korea ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal ; Rosaniline Dyes ; Thuja ; Weather