Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that comprises at least two distinct clinical subtypes (unicentric and multicentric). Three pathologic variants (hyaline vascular variant, plasma cell variant, and mixed variant) have been recognized. In addition to interleukin-6 and human herpes virus 8, some other cytokines and viruses may also be involved in the pathogenesis of CD. This review summarizes the recent advances in the underlying pathogenesis of CD, with an attempt to provide evidence for new treatment options that may change the current treatment strategies and improve patients' outcomes.
Castleman Disease ; Herpesvirus 8, Human ; Humans ; Interleukin-6

J6-1 cell line is the first leukemic cell line established in China. It is a multi-clone cell line infected with both EBV and HHV-6. Many cytokines, receptors and other genes were cloned from J6-1 cell line since its establishment 30 years ago. Valuable information on leukemic characteristics and functions were obtained from the studies on this cell line, which could be categorized into several research subjects. These achievements implied the unique research value of multi-clone cell lines. This comment focuses attention on research advance of the J6-1 leukemic cell line in 30 years, including heterogeneity and multi-cloning of J6-1 cells, survival mechanism of J6-1 cell populations, abnormal intercellalar communication of J6-1 cells with its significance and inspiration from J6-1 cell line.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Clone Cells ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; immunology ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; immunology ; Humans ; Leukemia ; pathology

No abstract available.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Humans ; Limbic Encephalitis

Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. The etiology of CD may involve viral infection, abnormal modulation of cytokines, and angiogenesis. Human herpes virus (HHV) -8 infection and interleukin-6 (IL-6) overexpression may play key roles in the development of CD. Treatment options include surgical excision, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, antiviral therapy, and targeted therapy. No standardized treatment has been established for multicentric CD and the treatment efficacy usually is poor. Among newly available agents, the effectiveness of antiviral therapy against HHV-8 is unclear; anti-CD20 and anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies have shown promising efficacy; thalidomide and bortezomib have shown their initial efficacy.
Castleman Disease ; etiology ; metabolism ; therapy ; Herpesvirus 8, Human ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism

Two cases of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis that occurred after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are presented. Both patients reported fever, skin rashes, and neurological symptoms, characterized by disorientation, confusion and drowsy mental status. HHV-6B DNA was detected from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay including EBV, CMV, HHV-6B. After treatment with intravenous gan ciclovir for 2~3 weeks, all clinical manifestations were resolved and the HHV-6B DNA was cleared from the CSF in both patients. HHV-6 should be considered as a possible cause of neurological symptoms after HSCT, and prompt antiviral treatment should be begun.
Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; DNA ; Encephalitis ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Humans* ; Meningoencephalitis* ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Pityriasis rosea is a common, acute self-limiting papulosquamous disorder in which many studies suggest viral causative factors in its pathogenesis. Recently, the link between pityriasis rosea and the reactivation of human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 infection has been suggested. This evidence suggests that targetting HHV-6 or HHV-7 may be an effective treatment for pityriasis rosea. OBJECTIVE: We treated pityriasis rosea patients with oral famciclovir to investigate the effect of oral famciclovir in pityriasis rosea. METHODS: A case group of seventeen patients with pityriasis rosea were treated with oral famciclovir (250 mg 3 times daily for 7 days). Clinical evaluation at 0, 1 & 2 weeks was undertaken. A skin biopsy and polymerase chain reaction analysis of HHV-6 from a skin specimen were performed. We analyzed 19 patients with pityriasis rosea who were treated with topical steroid and oral antihistamines retrospectively and considered them as the control group. RESULTS: On the 7th day after oral famciclovir treatment was started, pityriasis rosea had regressed completely in 3 patients (17.6%) and had regressed partially in 9 patients (52.9%). On the 14th day, 12 patients (70.6%) had achieved more than partial regression. On the 7th day, systemic symptoms had improved in all 9 patients. Clearance of skin lesions was achieved in average 7.57 days in patients who had regressed completely after 14 days' treatment. Histological examination of patients was compatible with pityriasis rosea and polymerase chain reaction analysis of HHV-6 was negative in all 8 patients. Compared with the control group, the treatment for patients in the case group seemed to have better effects, but statistical analysis failed to show any significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Famciclovir was not effective in the treatment of pityriasis rosea, but further investigation is needed.
Biopsy ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Herpesvirus 7, Human ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Pityriasis Rosea* ; Pityriasis* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous

PURPOSE: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL), is a self-limited disease characterized by cervical lymphadenopathy and fever. The etiology of KFD remains unknown; however, the self-limiting nature of HNL suggests the cause of this disease could be viral infection. For this reason, several viruses have been evaluated as possible etiologies of HNL, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of EBV and HHV6 to HNL. METHODS: Data pertaining to 51 cases with biopsy-confirmed HNL were collected between January 1999 and December 2005, from the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea. The clinical records-including data regarding age, gender, duration of fever, and lymph node involvementwere reviewed retrospectively. The in situ hybridization (ISH) assay was performed by EBER PNA probe (Dako, Capinteria, CA, USA), and immunohistochemistry testing was performed with anti-HHV type 6 monoclonal antibodies (Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA). RESULTS: The HNL patients in this study were 24 males and 27 females, ranging in age from seven to 61 years (median: 25.9). ISH for EBV was positive in 8/51 (15.7%) biopsies, and immunohistochemistry for HHV6 was positive in 15/51 (29.4%) biopsies. Serologic analysis of EBV IgM was performed in 23 cases; only one patient was positive for EBV IgM and EBV ISH. CONCLUSION: Our study could not provide supportive evidence of a viral pathogenesis for HNL; therefore, cases of HNL may not have a dominant viral cause. However, some rare exceptional cases may have been caused by viral infection.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Biopsy ; Cytomegalovirus ; Female ; Fever ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Herpesvirus 8, Human ; Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL), is a self-limited disease characterized by cervical lymphadenopathy and fever. The etiology of KFD remains unknown; however, the self-limiting nature of HNL suggests the cause of this disease could be viral infection. For this reason, several viruses have been evaluated as possible etiologies of HNL, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of EBV and HHV6 to HNL. METHODS: Data pertaining to 51 cases with biopsy-confirmed HNL were collected between January 1999 and December 2005, from the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea. The clinical records-including data regarding age, gender, duration of fever, and lymph node involvementwere reviewed retrospectively. The in situ hybridization (ISH) assay was performed by EBER PNA probe (Dako, Capinteria, CA, USA), and immunohistochemistry testing was performed with anti-HHV type 6 monoclonal antibodies (Chemicon, Temecula, CA, USA). RESULTS: The HNL patients in this study were 24 males and 27 females, ranging in age from seven to 61 years (median: 25.9). ISH for EBV was positive in 8/51 (15.7%) biopsies, and immunohistochemistry for HHV6 was positive in 15/51 (29.4%) biopsies. Serologic analysis of EBV IgM was performed in 23 cases; only one patient was positive for EBV IgM and EBV ISH. CONCLUSION: Our study could not provide supportive evidence of a viral pathogenesis for HNL; therefore, cases of HNL may not have a dominant viral cause. However, some rare exceptional cases may have been caused by viral infection.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Biopsy ; Cytomegalovirus ; Female ; Fever ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Herpesvirus 8, Human ; Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy are preceded by respiratory or enteric infection, whose pathogens can be detected more easily with advanced tools. However, studies for pathogens in Korea remain scarce. We investigated the clinical characteristics and pathogens in childhood encephalitis and encephalopathy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children with acute encephalitis and encephalopathy admitted to our hospital between March 2013 and February 2017. RESULTS: The 51 included patients were aged 5.8±4.4 years (mean±standard deviation), comprising 36 with encephalitis (70.6%) and 15 with encephalopathy (29.4%). Respiratory symptoms (62.7%) were more common than enteric symptoms (45.1%). Brain MRI was abnormal in 54.9%, and leu-kocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid was noted in 41.2%. The prevalence of diseases was highest in winter (29.4%). In encephalitis, eight patients had infective encephalitis (15.7%), comprising enterovirus (N=4), Epstein-Barr virus (N=3; one with HHV6 coinfection), and tsutsugamushi in-fection (N=1). The 11 patients with ADEM included 1each with adenovirus, influenza A, and mycoplasmal infection. One patient with Bickerstaff-brainstem encephalitis had mycoplasmal pneumonia. In the 15 patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology, rhinovirus (N=3), influenza A (N=2), adenovirus (N=1), and mycoplasmal infection (N=6) were found. In the encephalopa-thy group, three patients had abnormal brain MRI: ANE with influenza A, AESD with exanthem subitum, and norovirus-associated MERS. In the remaining 12 patients, influenza A (N=2), ade-novirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus (N=1 for each virus), and mycoplasmal infection (N=4) were found. CONCLUSION: Acute childhood encephalitis and encephalopathy were the most prevalent in winter and were fre-quently associated with respiratory infections.
Adenoviridae ; Bacteria ; Brain ; Brain Diseases* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Child ; Encephalitis* ; Enterovirus ; Exanthema ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Norovirus ; Pneumonia ; Prevalence ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinovirus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign but topographically aggressive neoplasms that have a high recurrence rate and seem to be associated with malignancy. The etiology of inverted papilloma remains unknown, but some hypotheses suggest that nasal polyps proliferation and chronic inflammation are due to allergy or various infectious lesions. This study was to elucidate the biological characteristics and the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Ebstein -Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in sinonasal inverted papillomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 26 specimens from 26 individuals with normal nasal mucosae (n=10) and inverted papillomas (n=16) to determine the occurance of HPV and EBV infection and the expression of p53 protein and PCNA. RESULTS: Of the 16 Inverted papillomas, HPV DNA was detected in eight cases, HPV 18 was detected in two cases (18%), HPV 16 and HPV 33 were both found in every case (6%), HPV 6 and HPV 16 were coinfected in one case (6%), and other types were found in 3 cases. HPV DNA was not detected in the normal nasal mucosae. EBV DNA was detected in 10 cases (62%) out of 16 inverted papillomas ancl in two cases (20%) of 10 normal nasal mocosae. The altered p53 protein expression was observed in four cases (25%), and positive PCNA staining was detected in four cases (25%) out of 16 inverted papillomas. One positive PCNA staining was detected among 10 normal mucosae. The mean PC10 index was 16.0% in the inverted papillomas group and 4.1% in normal nasal mucosae group. CONCLUSION: An inverse correlation may exist between oncogenic HPV infection and p53 alteration in sinonasa1 inverted papillomas.
DNA ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; Humans* ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; Papilloma, Inverted* ; Population Characteristics ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; Recurrence