Glycine ; analogs & derivatives ; toxicity ; Herbicides ; toxicity

Acute Disease ; Esophageal Stenosis ; chemically induced ; Herbicides ; toxicity ; Humans ; Paraquat ; toxicity ; Poisoning

OBJECTIVETo investigate the potential effects of herbicide quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinoline-carboxylic) on the culturable microorganisms in flooded paddy soil.

METHODSTotal soil aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were counted by a 10-fold serial dilution plate technique. Numbers of anaerobic fermentative bacteria (AFB), denitrifying bacteria (DNB) and hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria (HPAB) were numerated by three-tube anaerobic most-probable-number (MPN) methods with anaerobic liquid enrichment media. The number of methanogenic bacteria (MB) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) was determined by the rolling tube method in triplicate. Soil respiration was monitored by a 102G-type gas chromatography with a stainless steel column filled with GDX-104 and a thermal conductivity detector.

RESULTSQuinclorac concentration was an important factor affecting the populations of various culturable microorganisms. There were some significant differences in the aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. AFB and DNB between soils were supplemented with quinclorac and non-quinclorac at the early stage of incubation, but none of them was persistent. The number of fungi and DNB was increased in soil samples treated by lower than 1.33 micro x g(-1) dried soil, while the CFU of fungi and HPAB was inhibited in soil samples treated by higher than 1.33 microg x g(-1) dried soil. The population of actinomycete declined in negative proportion to the concentrations of quinclorac applied after 4 days. However, application of quinclorac greatly stimulated the growth of AFB and NFB. MB was more sensitive to quinclorac than the others, and the three soil samples with concentrations higher than 1 microg x g(-1) dried soil declined significantly to less than 40% of that in the control, but the number of samples with lower concentrations of quinclorac was nearly equal to that in the control at the end of experiments.

CONCLUSIONQuinclorac is safe to the soil microorganisms when applied at normal concentrations (0.67 microg x g(-1)).

Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Herbicides ; toxicity ; Oryza ; Population Dynamics ; Quinolines ; toxicity ; Soil Microbiology ; Water Supply

Animals ; Female ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Herbicides ; toxicity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Phenyl Ethers ; toxicity

The cellular toxicities of surfactants, a solvent, and an antifreeze that are included in herbicide formulations were assessed by measuring their effects on membrane integrity, metabolic activity, mitochondrial activity, and total protein synthesis rate in a cell culture. Polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and monoethylene glycol exhibited no cellular toxicity even at a high concentration of 100 mM. Sodium lauryl ether sulfate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether significantly damaged the membrane, disturbed cellular metabolic activity, and decreased mitochondrial activity and the protein synthesis rate; however, their toxicity was far below those of the severely toxic chemicals at comparable concentrations. The severely toxic category included polyoxypropylene glycol block copolymer, polyoxyethylene tallow amine, and polyoxyethylene lauryl amine ether. These surfactants were cytotoxic between 3.125 microM and 100 microM in a dose-dependent manner. However, the toxicity graph of concentration vs toxicity had a point of inflection at 25 microM. The slope of the toxicity graph was gentle when the concentration was below 25 microM and steep when the concentration was greater than 25 microM. In conclusion, our results suggest that the toxicity of surfactants be taken care of pertinent treatment of acute herbicide intoxication.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/drug effects ; Herbicides/*chemistry ; Mice ; Mitochondria/drug effects ; Polyethylene Glycols/toxicity ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/toxicity ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry/*toxicity ; Toxicity Tests

We investigated whether glyphosate influences the cellular toxicity of the surfactants TN-20 and LN-10 on the mouse fibroblast-like cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and a heart cell line. The cytotoxicity of TN-20 and LN-10 (0.4-100 microM), in the presence or absence of glyphosate was determined by assessing membrane integrity. TN-20 toxicity was significantly lower in the presence of 50 microM glyphosate for the fibroblast-like cell (6.25 microM; 3.9% +/- 3.4% vs -4.8% +/- 0.7%), for the alveolar cells (0.78 microM; 5.7% +/- 0.9% vs 0.1% +/- 0.6%), and for the heart cell line (25.0 microM; 7.9% +/- 3.0% vs 19.4% +/- 0.7%) compared to that of TN-20 alone. The cellular toxicity of LN-10 towards the fibroblast-like cells was found to be increased in the presence of 50 microM glyphosate when LN-10 concentrations of 50 microM (31.3% +/- 3.9% vs 19.2% +/- 0.9%) and 100 microM (62.1% +/- 3.4% vs 39.0% +/- 0.7%) were compared to that of LN-10 alone. These results suggest that the mixture toxicity may be a factor in glyphosate-surfactant toxicity in patients with acute glyphosate herbicide intoxication.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Glycine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/toxicity ; Herbicides/chemistry/*toxicity ; Mice ; Polyethylene Glycols/*chemistry ; Surface-Active Agents/*chemistry

Animals ; Female ; Herbicides ; toxicity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Testis ; drug effects ; Thiocarbamates ; toxicity ; Thyroid Gland ; drug effects ; Weight Gain ; drug effects

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary damage resulting from lipid peroxidation is a principal effect of paraquat intoxication. The host-defense functions of surfactant are known to be mediated by the surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D, respectively). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the variations over time in levels of surfactant protein and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in lung tissue following free-radical-induced injury. METHODS: 42 adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of paraquat (35 mg/kg body weight). SP-A and SP-D levels were determined via Western blot. LPO in the left lung homogenate was measured via analyses of the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. RESULTS: LPO levels peaked at 6 hours, with no associated histological changes. SP-D levels increased until hour 12 and declined until hour 48; SP-D levels subsequently began to increase again, peaking at hour 72. SP-A levels peaked at hour 6, declining thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that in the early phase of paraquat injury, SP-D levels reflect alveolar damage and that de novo synthesis of SP-D takes 72 hours. Levels of SP-A, on the other hand, reflect abnormalities in the surfactant system in the late stage of paraquat intoxication. Surfactant proteins may play a role in protecting the lungs from reactive oxygen injury. A time-dependent variation has been observed in the levels of surfactant proteins A and D following paraquat injury, and it has been suggested that these proteins play a role in the protection of lung tissue against ROS-induced injuries.
Animals ; Free Radicals/*toxicity ; Herbicides/*toxicity ; *Lipid Peroxidation ; Lung/*drug effects ; Male ; Paraquat/*toxicity ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins/*analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Oxygen Species/toxicity ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult/*chemically induced

OBJECTIVEThis study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of Atrazine (ATZ) on the reproductive system of male rats.

METHODSMale Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ATZ by gavage at dosages of 0, 38.5, 77, and 154 mg/kg bw/day for 30 d. The toxic effects of ATZ to rats were assessed through histopathologcal observation, spermatozoa quality evaluation, testicular marker enzyme indicators, antioxidant capacity and reproductive hormone levels.

RESULTSSignificant adverse effects on reproductive system were observed in rats exposed to ATZ at different dosages compared with 0 mg/kg group, including an irregular and disordered arrangement of the seminiferous epithelium in 154 mg/kg group; a decreased spermatozoa number and an increased spermatozoa abnormality rate in 77 and 154 mg/kg groups; decreased levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) with the increasing of ATZ concentration; a decreased level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a dose-dependent manner, and a decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in 154 mg/kg group; and decreased serum levels of testosterone (T) and inhibin-B (INH-B) and an increased serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in 77 and 154 mg/kg groups, and an increased serum level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in 154 mg/kg group.

CONCLUSIONThese results suggested that relatively high doses of ATZ could exert reproductive toxicity of male rats.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Atrazine ; toxicity ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Herbicides ; toxicity ; Hormones ; blood ; Male ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sperm Count ; Spermatozoa ; abnormalities ; drug effects ; Testis ; drug effects ; enzymology ; pathology ; Toxicity Tests, Chronic

To identify a prognostic marker that is less sensitive to variations in the elapsed time since paraquat ingestion, we assessed the time between paraquat ingestion and a negative dithionite urine test as a prognostic parameter in patients with acute paraquat intoxication. Forty-one patients with acute paraquat intoxication were enrolled in this study and analyzed to verify significant determinants of mortality and organ dysfunction. The amount of paraquat ingested, paraquat plasma levels, and the time to a negative urine dithionite test were significant independent risk factors predicting mortality. The amount of paraquat ingestion, and the time to a negative urine dithionite test were independent risk factors predicting organ dysfunction. With a cut-off value of 34.5 hr for the time to negative conversion of the urine dithionite test, the sensitivity and specificity for mortality were 71.4% and 75.0%, respectively. The incidence of acute kidney injury and respiratory failure above 34.5 hr were 100% and 85.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the time to a negative urine dithionite test is the reliable marker for predicting mortality and/or essential organ failure in patients with acute paraquat intoxication, who survive 72 hr.
Acute Kidney Injury/etiology/mortality ; Adult ; Aged ; Dithionite/*urine ; Female ; Herbicides/blood/*toxicity ; Humans ; Liver Diseases/etiology/mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Paraquat/blood/*toxicity ; Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology/mortality ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors