Hepatitis B ; genetics ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics

Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; genetics ; Humans ; Transcription, Genetic

OBJECTIVE: To understand the infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV) in blood donors, and to evaluate the effectiveness and necessity of TMA technology for HBV-DNA screening in blood donors. METHODS: Using the ELISA/NAT model, routine serology test and NAT were performed in the 169 160 donors，including voluntary blood donors and some of donors returned to donor team. For some donors with test positive NAT, nucleic acid identification test was performed. And the HBsAg neutralized and confirmed assay would conduct in blood donors with unilateral HBsAg positive and HBV-DNA negative result. RESULTS: Among 169 160 donation cases-times, the donors of bilateral positive of HBsAg detection was 803, accounted for 0.476%; donors of unilateral positive was 243, accounted for 0.144%. For 40 specimens with HBV-DNA negative, unilateral HBsAg positive, the neutralization and confirmed assay was performed.In result, only 4 specimens were confirmed to be HBsAg positive, the confirmed positive rate was 10%. Among detected 1003 specimens with HBV-DNA positive specimens, both HBsAg and HBV-DNA positive were 739, the consistency rate between 2 kinds of detection was 73.7%. The comparision of positive rate detected by using 3 kinds of reagents showed that there were statistical differences (P＜0.05); moreover, there were statistical difference in positive rate detected by using Murex reagent and In Tec reagent (P＜0.0125). The comparison of detected rate of HBsAg and HBV-DNA during March 2016-February 2017 showed no statistical difference (P＞0.05). Among 60 blood donors with HBsAg and HBV-DNA who has retured to the donor team, 1 donor presented the transformation of HBsAg from negative to positive, suggesting the HBV infection of window period, HBsAg of the other 59 was negative. The detection of HBV-DNA showed that the HBV-DNA in 28 donors was negative, and the HBV-DNA in 31 donors was positive, 1 donor showed HBV-DNA was uncertain. CONCLUSION The routine TMA technology combined with ELISA HBsAg can effectively shorten the window period for detection of HBV infection, effectively detect the occult HBV infection, and reduce the potential risk of hepatitis B spread due to blood transfusion.
Blood Donors ; DNA, Viral ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of reentry in HBV reactive blood donors and feasibility of HBV reentry strategy. METHODS: HBsAg⁺ or HBV DNA⁺ donors who had been quarantined for more than 6 months in Jiangsu Province could propose for reentry application. Blood samples were routinely screened by dual-ELISA for HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV Ab/Ag, and anti- Treponema pallidum and those non-reactive ones were tested by minipool nucleic acid testing (NAT) for three times. To identify occult HBV donors, samples of NAT non-reactive were further tested by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) for HBV seromarkers (including HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb). Donors of only 4 ECLIA patterns were accepted to reentry, including all 5 HBV seromarkers negative, anti-HBs only but having history of hepatitis B vaccine injection, HBcAb only, HBsAb⁺ / HBcAb⁺ with HBsAb more than 200 IU/L. Additionally, the detection rate of HBV infection was compared between routine screening mode and ECLIA, as well as the reentry qualified rate of HBsAg⁺ and HBV DNA⁺ blood donors. RESULTS: From Oct. 2016 to Aug. 2019, a total of 737 HBV reactive donors had applied for reentry, including 667 HBsAg⁺ reactive and 70 HBV DNA⁺ reactive donors. Among 3 screening methods, the highest HBV detection rate (43.15%, 318/737) was observed on ECLIA, while only 4.75% (35/737) on ELISA and 3.12% (23/737) on NAT, respectively. Among 4 qualified patterns of HBV serological markers, the highest proportion was found in the all negative group (22.90%, 155/677), followed by the group with HBsAb⁺ only and history of hepatitis B vaccine injection (19.35%, 131/677), and the median concentration of HBsAb was 237.7 IU/L. The unqualified rate of HBV DNA⁺ donors was 82.86%, which was significantly higher than 47.98% of HBsAg⁺ donors. CONCLUSION Routine screening tests merely based on ELISA and NAT could miss occult HBV donors and may not be sufficient for blood safety. HBsAb concentration and vaccine injection history should be included in the evaluation of HBV reactive donors who intend to apply for reentry. There is a relatively larger residual risk of occult HBV infection in blood donors quarantined for HBV DNA reactive.
Blood Donors ; DNA, Viral ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics* ; Humans

Alanine Transaminase ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics* ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy* ; Humans

Severe hepatitis B is an infectious disease which has high case fatality rate and is seriously harmful to human health. Its pathogenesis is complicated. In this article are reviewed the research reports on the virus and the host factors in the course of severe hepatitis B in recent years, including the advancement of researches on viral genotypes, viral mutations, immune responses and cytokines. These data are available for exploring the pathogenesis and for developing the clinical treatment of severe hepatitis B in future.
Animals ; Cytokines ; genetics ; Hepatitis B ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation

Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Viral ; genetics ; Genome, Viral ; genetics ; Hepatitis B ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To investigate whether the presence of HBV mutant in vaccinees simply reflects the prevalence of HBV mutant in a specific geographic area or is indeed due to the immune pressure induced by vaccination.

<b>METHODSb>HBV S genes were amplified by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis of the "a" determinant was performed on sera from 30 childhood patients with immunoprophylaxis and 30 patients without vaccinations.

<b>RESULTSb>Mutations of the "a" determinant were detected in 8 of the 60 patients. They were all of the adw subtype. The prevalence of amino acid substitutions as detected by direct sequencing was higher in those fully-vaccinated than of those not vaccinated. In all 8 vaccinated and also with detectable mutants, the mean age was older than the other vaccinated children.

<b>CONCLUSIONb>The prevalence of mutants is related to HBV subtypes and genotypes. Universal vaccination has accelerated an accumulation of HBsAg "a" determinant mutants with amino acid changes critical for immune escape in vaccinated children who became carriers. This suggests that new vaccination strategies should be considered.

Child ; China ; Epitopes ; genetics ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; genetics ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Point Mutation ; Vaccination

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To determine the main genotype of hepatitis B virus (HBV) detected from Tibetans in China and provide basic data for hepatitis control and prevention.

<b>METHODSb>The S gene and C gene were amplified by PCR from the sera of HBsAg positive Tibetans. After sequencing, the gene sequences were analyzed and the phylogenetic trees were drawn by the software MEGA3.

<b>RESULTSb>In trees based on S gene, the sequences of most samples clustered at genotype D, while in trees based on C gene, the sequences of all samples clustered at genotype C.

<b>CONCLUSIONb>The dominant genotype of HBV detected from Tibetans in China is a C/D hybrid.

Genotype ; Hepatitis B ; blood ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens ; genetics ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; genetics ; Hepatitis B virus ; classification ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Tibet ; epidemiology

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To explore the variations of gene C in hepatitis B viruses between hepatitis B patients and healthy carriers, and provide experimental evidences for analysis of virus gene mutations acting on the virus material science and response of the body to the virus.

<b>METHODSb>The virus DNA load in hepatitis B patients and healthy blood donors was investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gene sequence analysis was taken to detect gene polymorphism, and all the success samples were compaired with standard strain by DNAstar.

<b>RESULTSb>(1)G Compared with standard strain, C region in all samples had mutations, there were 31 mutations in at least 2 samples (3 mutations in gene PreC and 28 mutations in gene C), including 9 missense mutations, 1 chain termination mutation and 21 synonymous mutation. Mutations nt 1827 c-->a and nt 2221 c-->t existed in all the samples, and most samples had 6 synonymous mutations. Four hepatitis B patients had mutation nt1896 g-->a, and another 4 patients had 2 mutations, namely, S87G and I97F (or 197L) in HBcAg CTL recognition episome. (2) The success ratio of amplification and sequencing of HBV DNA was closely associated with its copy numbers. In the present study, copy numbers of HBV DNA which were successfully amplified and sequenced were almost more than 40 193/ml.

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>HBV genome were easily affected by nucleotide mutations, 2 residues had mutations in gene of C region, which is firstly reported, suggesting these mutations may be geographical restricted. Mutations in gene of C region may either change the structure and function of HBeAg and HBcAg, which may further induce the escape of immune clearance for HBV or influence the detection of HBsAg or HBeAg, which may creat new problems for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B.

Female ; Hepatitis B ; virology ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens ; genetics ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic