OBJECTIVETo study the simple infection and super/co-infection of HAV-HEV, HGV in patients with viral hepatitis.

METHODSUsing EIA method to detect anti-HAV IgM, HBV serum markers, anti-HCV IgM, anti-HDV IgM, anti-HEV IgM, anti-HGV IgM in viral hepatitis patients with different clinical types.

RESULTSSeventy-three percent patients (154/210) had HBV infection markers, twenty-nine percent patients (61/210) had HAV infection marker, eight percent patients (17/210) had HCV, HDV infection markers, ten percent patients (21/210) had HEV infection and seven percent patients (15/210) had HGV infection. Only nine percent patients (20/210) had viral hepatitis serum markers negative. In all clinical types, sixty-one percent patients had only one type hepatitis virus infection, thirty-two percent patients had two types of hepatitis virus super/co-infection, six percent patients had three types of hepatitis virus super/co-infection. Super/co-infection often occurred in patients who had cirrhosis or hepatic failure.

CONCLUSIONHBV and HAV infection is very common in viral hepatitis patients, whereas HCV, HDV, HEV and HGV infection is relatively low; double super/co-infection of HAV-HEV, HGV frequently occurs in severe patients with viral hepatitis.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; GB virus C ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis A ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis A virus ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis E ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis E virus ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis Viruses ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Superinfection

China ; epidemiology ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; classification ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Seroepidemiologic Studies

Hepatitis E outbreaks are a serious public health concern in developing countries. The disease causes acute infections, primarily in young adults. The mortality rate is approximately 2%; however, it can exceed 20% in pregnant women in some regions in India. The causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), has been isolated from several animal species, including pigs. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 have been isolated from both humans and animals, and are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. Seroprevalence studies in animals and humans indirectly suggest that HEV infections occur worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans via undercooked animal meats in developed countries. Moreover, transfusion- and transplantation-mediated HEV infections have recently been reported. This review summarizes the general characteristics of hepatitis E, HEV infection status in animals and humans, the zoonotic transmission modes of HEV, and HEV vaccine development status.
Animals ; Genotype ; Hepatitis E/*epidemiology/mortality/*transmission/virology ; Hepatitis E virus/genetics/*physiology ; Humans ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/mortality/*transmission/virology

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Hepatitis E ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Hepatitis E virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Rodentia ; virology ; Swine ; virology

Four hundreds and ninety sheep sera from seven breeds raised at eight counties and one city of Aksu region in Xinjiang were tested by ELISA for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV), and the positive rate differences were compared based on administrative areas, breeds and age by Chi-square test. The result showed that the general positive rate was 28.98% (142/490), the positive rate were 35.44% (28/79), 29.67% (27/91), 20% (4/20), 40% (12/30), 32.5% (26/80), 38% (19/50), 22.5% (9/40), 8% (4/50) and 26% (13/50) respectively in eight counties and one city, there was a significant difference between Xayar and other administrative areas (P<0.01); there was also a significant difference among age ranges (P<0.01), being 38.75% (31/80) over 2 years old, 15.45% (17/110) below 1 year old; The seroprevalence was still related to breeds, i. e. there was a significant difference between Mongolia sheep and other breeds (P<0.01). From these data, it is confirmed that there is a possibility of previous and potential infection of sheep HEV in Aksu region of Xinjiang Autonomous.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis E ; epidemiology ; transmission ; veterinary ; virology ; Hepatitis E virus ; physiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sheep ; blood ; virology ; Sheep Diseases ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The etiology of acute viral hepatitis in Korea has been dynamically changing during the recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the recent etiology and the clinical features of acute viral hepatitis in a single center of Korea. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of 55 patients who were diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis A to E during the period from May 2005 to August 2006. In addition to the clinically acute manifestations, the confirmatory serological tests were performed for the diagnosis of acute hepatitis A, B, C and E. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with acute viral hepatitis A, B, C, E and others were 56.4% (n=31), 12.7% (n=7), 18.2% (n=10), 9.1% (n=5) and 3.6% (n=2), respectively. The mean age of the patients with acute hepatitis A, B, C and E were 29.1+/-4.38, 38.7+/-11.72, 45.3+/-17.62 and 32.4+/-6.58 years, respectively. There was no fatal case. All cases of acute hepatitis B and six out of ten cases of acute hepatitis C recovered spontaneously. Four out of the five patients with acute hepatitis E had no history of travel to endemic area. CONCLUSIONS: The most common etiology of acute viral hepatitis in Korea is hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis C and B virus were the next most common causes. The sporadic cases of acute hepatitis E were not rare, and coinfection of HAV and HEV was observed. A multicenter, prospective study is warranted in the future.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Hepatitis A/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Hepatitis B/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Hepatitis C/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Hepatitis D/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology ; Hepatitis E/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Hepatitis Viruses/isolation & purification ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*virology ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and risk of pancreatic cancer.

METHODSVarious English and Chinese language literature databases, including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Embase, Cochrane Library and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, were searched for case-control studies comparing rates of HBV infection and pancreatic cancer. The RevMan meta analysis software, version 5.0, was used to perform the meta-analysis of the 6 included studies.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the pancreatic cancer group had a significantly higher rate of positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (8.87% vs.5.86%, odds ratio (OR) =1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.06 to 1.47, P =0.009) and a lower rate of patients never exposed to HBV (defined as HBsAg(-)/hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)(-) (69.4% vs.77.1%, OR =0.68, 95% CI:0.51 to 0.92, P =0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of hepatitis B e antigen positivity (P =0.55).

CONCLUSIONHBV-infected patients with HBsAg(+) status are at greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer; however, since most of the research studies evaluated were conducted in Asians, the generalizability of this conclusion is unknown.

Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; virology ; Risk Factors

China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B ; classification ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Mutation

BACKGROUNDTo investigate the prevalence of anti-HEV among swine, sheep and chickens.

METHODSTotally 498 sera of swine, sheep and chickens collected from Xingjiang, Guangxi, Guangdong, Beijing and Hebei were detected for the anti-HEV by an enzyme linked immunoassay.

RESULTSThe anti-HEV positive rate of swine was 67.53%(104/154), in pigs between 4-5 months of age the rate was 100.00%(9/9) from Xingjiang. The rate in pigs under 3 months of age from Guangxi was 36.00%(9/25) and in pigs older than six months of age was 71.67% (86/120), respectively. The 108 sera of sheep collected from Xingjiang were all negative. The positive rate of chickens was only 1.27% (3/236). The anti-HEV prevalence rates of chickens from Luoding, Shenzhen, Liuzhou, Beijing and Hebei were 4.00%, 1.49%, 1.49%, 0, 0 respectively.

CONCLUSIONHEV infection does exist among swine and chickens. The anti-HEV prevalence of swine was the highest among domestic animals. The role of swine and chickens in transmission of HEV needs to be further studied.

Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Chickens ; China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis E ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; Hepatitis E virus ; immunology ; Poultry Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Prevalence ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology

Objective: To understand the distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV in different ethnic groups in China. Methods: The HBsAg positive samples were selected by stratified multi-stage cluster sampling from the sample base of national HBV sero-epidemiological survey in 2020 for the amplification of S gene of HBV by nested PCR. A phylogeny tree was constructed to determine the genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV. The distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV were analyzed comprehensively by using laboratory data and demographic data. Results: A total of 1 539 positive samples from 15 ethnic groups were successfully amplified and analyzed, and 5 genotypes (B, C, D, I and C/D) were detected. The proportion of genotype B was higher in ethnic group of Han (74.52%, 623/836), Zhuang (49.28%, 34/69), Yi (53.19%, 25/47), Miao (94.12%, 32/34), Buyi (81.48%, 22/27). The proportions of genotype C were higher in ethnic groups of Yao (70.91%, 39/55). Genotype D was the predominant genotype in Uygur (83.78%, 31/37). Genotype C/D were detected in Tibetan (92.35%,326/353). In this study, 11 cases of genotype I were detected, 8 of which were distributed in Zhuang nationality. Except for Tibetan, sub-genotype B2 accounted for more than 80.00% in genotype B in all ethnic groups. The proportions of sub-genotype C2 were higher in 8 ethnic groups, i.e. Han, Tibetan, Yi, Uygur, Mongolian, Manchu, Hui and Miao. The proportions of sub-genotype C5 were higher in ethnic groups of Zhuang (55.56%, 15/27) and Yao (84.62%, 33/39). For genotype D, sub-genotype D3 was detected in Yi ethnic group and sub-genotype D1 was detected in both Uygur and Kazak. The proportions of sub-genotype C/D1 and C/D2 in Tibetan were 43.06% (152/353) and 49.29% (174/353). For all the 11 cases of genotype I infection, only sub-genotype I1 was detected. Conclusions: Five genotypes and 15 sub-genotypes of HBV were found in 15 ethnic groups. There were significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and sub-genotypes of HBV among different ethnic groups.
Humans ; Asian People ; China/epidemiology* ; Ethnicity ; Genotype ; Gerbillinae ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics* ; Hepatitis B/virology*