We presented a case of perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens associated with acne conglobata in 40-year-old rnale. He had a sausage-shaped plaque containing many fistular tracts on right temnporal area and cicatrizing alopecia on occiput. On the middle portion of upper back he had a adult fist-sized plaque containing many fistular tracts. Histopathologically epidermis showed mild byperkeratosis and keratotic plugging and in the dermis most hair follicles were destroyed and replacel by fibrous tissue but there were moderxte cellular infiltration composed of neutrophils, lymphocytes a.nd hist.iocytes around the remained hair follicles. On serum electrophoresis alpha,-globulin was elevated and gamna globulin was the upper liviit of nornal variation. Skin tests with murnps vaccine, dinitrochloro benzene (DNCB) and old tuberculin disclosed the evidence of de reased c "ll-mediated immunity(CMI). All th se findings suggest thzt immune rriechanisni r,-ay be concerned ivith the pathogenesis in this case. He wa.s treated with th internal administration of antibiotic and corticosteroid and with surgical opening and curettage of fistular tracts
Acne Vulgaris ; Adult ; Alopecia ; Benzene ; Curettage ; Dermis ; Electrophoresis ; Epidermis ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Neutrophils ; Skin Tests ; Tuberculin

It is well known that fractures around the knee joint are usually combined with ligament injuries but it is easy to miss the ligament injuries during the treatment of fractures. The invention of the MRI and the development of arthroscopic techniques has made it easy to diagnose and care for ligament injuries. Authors reviewed the patients who had fractures around the knee joint to evaluate the frequencies, types, treatments and the results of combined ligaments injuries. There were 57 cases with the fracture of the proximal tibia and fibula which could be follwed up at least one year: from January 1992 to June 1995. There were 19 cases (33%) which had combined ligament injuries. The ligament injuries were diagnosed by stress X-ray & MRI evaluation and confirmed by arthroscopic examination. Single lateral rim avulsion fracture of proximal tibia was the most common type of fractures (7 cases, 37%). There were 11 cases (57%) of combined injuries of anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament. It was the most common combined ligament injury. Except for one, eleven cases that were combined with lateral rim avulsion of proximal tibia had anterior cruciate ligament injury. There were ten cases (53%) of fibula head and neck fractures which were combined with ligament injuries. The total number of the injured ligament was 35 and the common rupture sites of the injured ligaments was the attachment site of femur (13 cases) and tibia (16 cases). There were seven meniscal injury cases (37%). The interval from injury to operation averaged 14.1 days because many cases were acute injuries. Primary repairs for ruptured ligament were done in 31 cases (88%) because of their attachment site injuries. There were no instabilities except one case which was treated with posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus ligament. It had a grade I posterior instability at the last follow-up. Early diagnosis and proper treatment on the ruptured ligaments and the torn meniscus combined with proximal tibia and fibular fractures seem to be important for a good prognosis.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Collateral Ligaments ; Early Diagnosis ; Femur ; Fibula* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Humans ; Inventions ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Ligaments* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament ; Prognosis ; Rupture ; Tibia*

The nature of carbohydrate in the male genital tract of the rat was studied through the carbohydrate-binding specificities of lectins. Lectins used in this study were BS-I, DBA, SBA, WGA, PNA, Cona and RCA. The results were as follows : 1. Secondary spermatocyte showed positive reactions to RCA, spermatid to PNA and RCA and sperm to WGA, PNA and ConA. The sperm in rete testis were positive to DBA, SBA, PNA, ConA and RCA while in epididymis the reactions to SBA, WGA and PNA were positive in all part and the reactions to ConA and RCA were positive only partly. 2. Cell membrane at luminal side of epithelial cell in rat genital tract showed positive reactions to DBA, WGA, and ConA in rete testis; in epididymis, the reactions to WGA and ConA were only partly positive; in vas deferens, the reactions to PNA and ConA were positive in all part and the reactions to DBA and WGA were only partly positive. 3. Cytoplasm of epithelial cell in rat genital tract showed positive reactions to DBA, WGA and ConA in rete testis; in epididymis, the reaction to WGA was positive in all part and the reaction to SBA was only partly positive; in vas deferens, the reaction to ConA was positive in all part and the reactions to BS-I and DBA were positive in some part. 4. Basal side of epithelial cell in rat genital tract showed positive reactions to DBA, WGA and ConA in rete testis; in epididymis, the reaction to WGA was positive in part and in seminal vesicle, the reaction to BS-I was partly positive. 5. Lamina propria of rat genital tract showed positive reactions to BS-I, WGA, ConA and RCA in rete testis; in epididymis, the reaction to WGA was positive in all part and the reaction to SBA was positive in some part; in seminal vesicle, the reaction to BS-I was positive. 6. Muscle layer of rat genital tract showed positive reaction to WGA in epididymis; in seminal vesicle, the reactions to BS-I and DBA were positive. 7. Adventitia of rat genital tract showed positive reaction to WGA in rete testis; in epididymis, the reactions to SBA, PNA, ConA and RCA were positive; in vas deferens, the reactions to BS-I and PNA were positive; in seminal vesicle, the reactions to BS-I and PNA were positive. In conclusion, variable lectin binding properties in the uroepithelia and the cells in the process of spermatogenesis, which were demonstrated in this study, offer the basic data for carbohydrate research in the male genital system.
Adventitia ; Animals ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Epididymis ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Lectins ; Male ; Mucous Membrane ; Phenobarbital ; Rats* ; Rete Testis ; Seminal Vesicles ; Spermatids ; Spermatocytes ; Spermatogenesis* ; Spermatozoa ; Vas Deferens

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Allergic rhinitis (AR) and rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) have different mucosal color and pathophysiology. To investigate whether the mucosal color and nasal blood flow are different between the diseases in spite of same symptoms, we designed this study. Materials and Methods: 20 patients with allergic rhinitis and 21 patients with rhinitis medicamentosa were compared with 20 normal volunteers using mucosal color grading and Laser Doppler flowmetry. The Laser Doppler flowmetry was performed with a Periflux 4001 (Perimed, Jrtlla, Sweden) and perfusion unit (PU), velocity unit (VU), and concentration Unit (CU) were measured. The Laser Doppler flowmetry data in AR and RM were compared with those of the normal subjects, and between AR and RM. RESULTS: The perfusion score of AR and RM were lower than the control (p<0.05) and it was statistically significant that the mucosal color of AR were pale and of RM were reddish, comparing to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The nasal blood flow was decreased with AR and RM compared to control but the mucosal color of AR and RM were different because of the difference of pathophysiology of diseases. When diagnosing RM, observation of mucosal color and measurement of nasal blood flow will be helpful besides the history of long-term use of nasal decongestant.
Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry* ; Perfusion ; Rhinitis*

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is nowadays increasing with industrial development. Patients with allergic rhinitis have symptoms such as nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea, sneezing and are frequently associated with sleep apnea, asthma and sinusitis. In patients with allergic rhinitis, conservative management including medical treatment, avoidance and immunotherapy are generally enough for controlling symptoms, but some patients refractory to conservative management need surgical management to improve nasal patency and decrease allergic response, which is inhibited by scarring of lamina propria after turbinate surgery. Surgical management include chemical cautery, laser cautery, cryotherapy, radiofrequency needle ablation, surgical resection of turbinate, vidian neurectomy and sinus surgery. Cautery of turbinate by laser and radiofrequency electrode is widely used because of its low morbidity and efficacy against vasomotor symptoms. Submucosal resection of turbinate and turbinopalsty improves nasal patency preserving mucociliary function. In addition, when it is combined with submucosal cautery, allergic response is inhibited more effectively. In conclusion, surgical management may be required for the treatment of allergic rhinitis which is refractory to conservative management or has anatomical abnormality.
Asthma ; Cautery ; Cicatrix ; Cryotherapy ; Electrodes ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Obstruction ; Needles ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis* ; Sinusitis ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sneezing ; Turbinates

PURPOSE: Radiation-induced autophagy has been shown to play two different roles, in malignant glioma (MG) cells, cytocidal or cytoprotective. However, neither the role of radiation-induced autophagy for cell death nor the existence of autophagy-induced apoptosis, a well-known cell-death pathway after irradiation, has been verified yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We observed both temporal and dose-dependent response patterns of autophagy and apoptosis to radiation in MG cell lines. Additionally, we investigated the role of autophagy in apoptosis through knockdown of autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS: Autophagic activity measured by staining of acidic vesicle organelles and Western blotting of LC-3 protein increased in proportion to radiation dose from day 1 to 5 after irradiation. Apoptosis measured by annexin-V staining and Western blotting of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase demonstrated relatively late appearance 3 days after irradiation that increased for up to 7 days. Blocking of pan-caspase (Z-VAD-FMK) did not affect apoptosis after irradiation, but silencing of Atg5 effectively reduced radiation-induced autophagy, which decreased apoptosis significantly. Inhibition of autophagy in Atg5 knockdown cells was shown to be beneficial for cell survival. Stable transfection of GFP-LC3 cells was observed after irradiation. Annexin-V was localized in cells bearing GFP-LC3 punctuated spots, indicating autophagy in immunofluorescence. Some of these punctuated GFP-LC3 bearing cells formed conglomerated spots and died in final phase. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that autophagy appears earlier than apoptosis after irradiation and that a portion of the apoptotic population that appears later is autophagy-dependent. Thus, autophagy is a pathway to cell death after irradiation of MG cells.
Apoptosis* ; Autophagy* ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death* ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Glioma* ; Organelles ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases ; Transfection

More than 98% of eukaryotic transcriptomes are composed of non-coding RNAs with no functional protein-coding capacity. Those transcripts also include tens of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are emerging as key elements of cellular homeostasis, essentially tumorigenesis steps. However, we are only beginning to understand the nature and extent of the involvement of lncRNAs on tumorigeneis. Here, we highlight recent progresses that have identified a myriad of molecular functions on tumorigenesis for several lncRNAs including metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), prostate cancer associated non-coding RNA 1 (PRNCR1), prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1), H19, and homeobox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), and several new lncRNAs for glioma development. Potential therapeutic approaches for the lncRNAs in various human diseases are also discussed.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinogenesis* ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Homeobox ; Glioma* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Lung ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; RNA ; RNA, Long Noncoding* ; RNA, Untranslated ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increased since IVF-ET has started. The risk factors for ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproductive techniques are tubal abnormality, previous myomectomy, the number of transfered embryo, the technical aspects of embryo transfer, the amount of transfered medium and uterine reverse contraction after embryo transfer. Because of the possibility of combined pregnancy after IVF-ET, bilateral adnexal area should be examined by transvaginal ultrasonography at searching intrauterine gestational sac and also serial beta-hCG levels should be checked. We report a case of simultaneous left tubal and right ovarian pregnancies after IVF-ET with a brief review of literature.
Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Gestational Sac ; Incidence ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic* ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Risk Factors ; Ultrasonography

Brief ischemic episodes that induce myocardial and coronary endothelial dysfunction may alter the responses to inotropic drugs. To determine the effects of inotropic drugs in stunned myocardium, the coronary blood flow (CBF), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and regional mechanical function in response to intracoronary dobutamine, epinephrine, amrinone, and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were measured before (normal) and 30 min after a 15-min-period occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (stunned) in an open-chest canine model. Percent segment shortening (%SS) and post-systolic shortening (%PSS) were determined. Myocardial extraction of oxygen (EO2) and lactate (E(lac)) was calculated. The inotropic drugs increased %SS, CBF, and MVO2 in normal myocardium. Epinephrine and amrinone decreased, while dobutamine and CaCl2 did not affect EO2. The ischemia and reperfusion itself significantly reduced %SS and E(lac), and increased %PSS. In stunned myocardium, the responses to inotropic drugs were not significantly altered, except that they progressively reduced %PSS and epinephrine did not affect EO2. These findings indicate that a brief episode of ischemia does not affect the mechanical and metabolic coronary flow responses to inotropic drugs, although it abolishes direct vasodilator responses to epinephrine.
Amrinone/administration and dosage ; Animals ; Calcium Chloride/administration and dosage ; Cardiotonic Agents/*administration and dosage ; Comparative Study ; Dobutamine/administration and dosage ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Epinephrine/administration and dosage ; Female ; Male ; Myocardial Contraction/*drug effects ; Myocardial Stunning/*drug therapy/etiology/*physiopathology ; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects ; Oxygen Consumption/*drug effects ; Reperfusion Injury/complications/*drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome

The management of petroclival tumors has been improved by the techniques of cranial base surgery. However, these tumors are still among the most difficult cranial base lesions to treat. The t ranspetrosal approach is a routine procedure for petroclival tumors, but there are some disadvantages such as the time-consuming craniotomy during surgery. CSF leakage due to incomplete dural closure, postoperative infection, epidural hematoma and depressed deformity of the mastoid area after surgery. To solve these disadvantages, we modified the transpetrosal approach to mini-pet rosal technique involving total petrosectomy without temporal or suboccipital craniotomy. 11 petroclival tumors were operated on using this technique between August 1994 and August 1997. Gross total removal was achieved in tumors of up to 4cm diameter by this technique. The advantages of this approach are smaller skin incision, shorter operation time, and less postoperative complications such as epidural hematoma, CSF leakage infection, and headache. This technique can be indicated for medium to large petroclival tumors which do not extend to cavernous sinus and Jugular foramen.
Cavernous Sinus ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Craniotomy ; Headache ; Hematoma ; Mastoid ; Postoperative Complications ; Skin ; Skull Base