The efficient characterization of genetic and epigenetic alterations in oncology requires highly sensitive and specific high throughput procedures.However, the necessary level of sensitivity and specificity were previously unreachable using conventional testing procedures.By partitioning individual target molecules within separated compartments, digital PCR ( dPCR ) could allow to overcome such limitations and detect with unprecedented accuracy very rare sequences.In such procedure, the sample is diluted such that each individual compartment will contain no more than one target sequences.The assay provides an absolute value and quantitative data.The recent coupling of dPCR procedure with microfluidic systems in commercial platforms should make droplet based digital PCR an essential tool for the management of patients with cancer.Applications range from the analysis of tumor heterogeneity to the analysis of body effluents.Droplet based digital PCR is also particularly suited for the increasing field of liquid biopsy analysis.

Objective To develop a novel targeted delivery system for the treatment of brain metastases from breast cancer.Methods Micelles were prepared by membrane hydration method,and the micelles were connected to Angiopep-2.Results The micelles were confirmed to be well targeted in vitro.Conclusion Nano-particles with the targeting molecule Angiopep-2 has good brain-targeting function.

LSAB immunohistochemistry and digoxin-labeled in situ hybridization methods were used to detect the expression of EGFR and TGF-a and the transcription of EGFR-mRNA in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues. The expression rate of EGFR and TGF-α in 46 cases of human RCC tissues were significantly higher than that in 38 cases of corresponding autologous normal kidney tissues (EGFR.. 53. 4 % vs 21.0 %;TGF-α: 39. 1 /% vs 13. 2 %, P＜0. 05). Both EGFR and TGF-α were simultaneously overexpressed in some cases of RCC tissues. No relationship existed between EGFR or TGF-α and the RCC staging and grading. The positive rate of transcription EGFR-mRNA in 25 cases of RCC tissues was significantly higher than that in 20 cases of corresponding autologous normal kidney tissues (44 % vs 15 %, P＜0. 05). The above findings demonstrated that RCC tissues overexpressed EGFR and TGF-αand overtranscribed EGFR-mRNA. The overexpressed EGFR and TGF-α might contribute to the growth and development of RCC by taking part in the autocrine growth loop in RCC.

BACKGROUND:Al ogeneic penetrating keratoplasty is the most effective method for treating corneal blindness. However, the incidence of rejections is high after keratoplasty, so it is urgent to develop an immunosuppressive drug with high efficacy and low toxicity. OBJECTIVE:To establish al ogeneic penetrating keratoplasty models and monitor the expression of tumor necrosis factor-αin blank control group and after transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrop during acute rejection period of corneal grafts. METHODS:Al ogeneic penetrating keratoplasty models were established and were randomly divided into blank control group, ciclosporin A group (1%ciclosporin A), and transforming growth factor-β1 group (1μg/ml transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrop). The medications from each group commenced at 1 day after surgery, one eyedrop once, three eyedrops per day. Al the operated eyes were given 0.3%ofloxacin ophthalmic solutions and 0.5%tropicaide ophthalmic solution, three times per day, for 12 days. The corneal grafts were harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunihistochemical staining (SABC method), to detect tumor necrosis factor-αexpression in corneal grafts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that, corneal grafts were significantly thickened, a large number of histoleucocytes and lymphocytes infiltrated in the blank control group;corneal grafts showed normal thickness and no inflammatory cel s infiltrated in the transforming growth factor-β1 group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, there were less cel s positive for tumor necrosis factor-αin the transforming growth factor-β1 group compared with the blank control group (P<0.05). Transforming growth factor-β1 eyedrops can reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor-αin the corneal grafts during acute rejection period, and reduce the inflammatory cel s infiltration in the corneal grafts, which is probably the mechanism of transforming growth factor-β1 to prevent and treat corneal al ograft rejection.

Purpose:To evaluate radiotherapy after operation of esophageal carcinoma. Methods:A comparative study was done between the group of 80 patients treated by postoperative radiotherapy and the group of 80 patients by operation only from January 1989 to June 1994. The radiation dose was 40—50 Gy. Results:The 1 ,3 ,and 5 year survival rates of operative group were 76.3%, 37.5%, 22.5%, and those of postoperative radiotherapy were 77.5 %,56.3 %,32.5 %. There was significant difference between the 3 year survival rates of the two groups ( P

Objective To explore the pattern and quantify the heat shock protein HSP)70 and HSP70 mRNA in Vero-E6 cells after infection with Hantann virus(HTNV).Methods The expres- sion of HSP70 and change of its mRNA level were detected by immunocytochemical staining,nucleic acid hybridization in situ and RT-PCR.Results In situ hybridization and RT-PCR were used to eval- uate the level of HSP70 mRNA during Hantaan 76-118 infection.HSP70 mRNA increased 0.5 h after infection,reached its peak by 12 h and gradually declined to steady state level by 72 h(vs.sham infec- ted group,P＜0.05).The expression of HSP70 protein induced by Hantaan 76-118 infection was e- valuated by quantitative immunocytochemical staining.HSP70 increased 0.5 h after infection,reached its peak by 12 h and decreased at 72 h after infection(vs.sham infected group,P＜0.05).Conclu- sions HSP70 can be induced directly by HTNV infection at both mRNA and protein levels,It pro- vides a basis for the further study of the pathogenesis,prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS).

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Extraction and Processing Industry ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure ; Pneumoconiosis ; epidemiology ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate outpatients' awareness of the essential medicine system and their intention to use it at county hospitals,analyze the problems in the implementation process and give suggestions.Methods Using questionnaires to survey randomly intercepted patients.Data so acquired were keyed in twice with Epidata 3.0 and SPSS 16.0 was used for analysis featuring descriptive statistics.Results Among the 1064 patients surveyed,only 159 (14.9％)have heard of essential medicines,and the top three ways of awareness were respectively from medical staff,television and Internet; patients pay most attention to drug efficacy in their daily life and the majority of them follow doctors' advices.Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen promotions,formulate diversified publicity strategy,train doctors to guide patients to use essential medicines rationally.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of one-stage repair of secondary nasolabial deformity and nasal septoplasty for cleft patients on nasal airway resistance (NAR). METHOD: Using active anterior rhinomanometry, NAR was measured in eighteen patients with cleft lip and palate who suffered form one-stage repair of secondary nasolabial deformity and septoplasty at per-and-post operation. RESULT: NAR was (0.664 +/- 0.200) kPa/(s x L) before operation, (0.304 +/- 0.180) kPa/(s x L) six months after operation, and (0.396 +/- 0.250) kPa/(s x L) twelve months after operation respectively. The differences are statistically significant (P < 0.01) between the NAR before and after operation. Subjective impression score of nasal patency was 7.5 +/- 1.5 before-operation, 2.1 +/- 2.0 after-operation for six months, 3.0 +/- 2.4 after-operation for twelve months. There are significant differences in the subjective impression score of nasal patency as well (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Correction of septal deformities play a very important role in the operation for secondary nasolabial deformity, which can decrease NAR and improve the subjective impression of nasal patency.
Adolescent ; Airway Resistance ; Cleft Lip ; surgery ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nasal Septum ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Nasopharynx ; surgery ; Postoperative Period ; Rhinoplasty ; Young Adult

This study aimed to summarize the diagnosis and treatment of uncommon complications in esophageal and cardiac cancer operations as well as obtain lessons from the failure. Methods:The etiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention measures, and factors that contribute to the failure of the uncommon complications were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Results showed ten cured cases and eight death cases (except for the reported eight cases). Conclusion:The following conclusions were ob-tained. 1) The complications described in this paper were rare, but they sometimes occur clinically. If wrong treatment was taken, seri-ous consequences would be expected. 2) Once a jet-like bleeding of aortic esophagus avulsion injury occurs, the surgeon must be calm and take proper treatment to successfully patch up the wounds. 3) The right thoracic approach is a new approach to prevent the injury of azygos vein. 4) Patients with anastomotic stoma fistula easily cause a delay in diagnosis if the leakage was wrapped in the inferior phrenic. 5) Taking preventive measures is the key method for the anastomotic aortoesophageal fistula. 6) Occurrence of pulmonary em-bolism after operation should be monitored. 7) Thoracic gastric mediastinal hernia would cause serious consequences if treatment was not taken at a proper time.