Brain Ischemia ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnostic imaging* ; Hemorrhagic Stroke ; Humans ; Moyamoya Disease/diagnostic imaging* ; Stroke/etiology*

Objective: To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption and the burden of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease attributed to alcohol consumption in adults aged ≥20 years in 31 provinces in China from 2005 to 2018. Methods: Data from several national representative surveys was used to estimate provincial alcohol exposure level of adults aged ≥20 years from 2005 to 2018 by using kriging interpolation and locally weighted regression methods. Global disease burden research method and data, and China's death cause surveillance data were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease and the deaths due to alcohol consumption in men and women aged ≥20 years in 31 provinces in China. China census data of 2010 were used to calculate the attributable standardized mortality rate. Results: In 2005 and 2018, the prevalence of alcohol consumption was 58.7% (95%CI: 57.8%-59.5%) and 58.4% (95%CI: 57.6%-59.3%), respectively, in men and 17.0% (95%CI: 16.6%-17.4%) and 18.7% (95%CI:18.1%-19.3%), respectively, in women. The daily alcohol intake was 24.6 (95%CI: 23.8-25.3) g and 27.7 (95%CI: 26.8-28.7) g, respectively, in men and 6.3 (95%CI: 6.0-6.5) g and 5.3 (95%CI: 5.0-5.6) g, respectively, in women. Alcohol exposure level was higher in the provinces in central and eastern China than in western provinces. The lowest exposure level was found in northwestern provinces. From 2005 to 2018, the PAF of hemorrhagic stroke death due to alcohol consumption increased from 5.5% to 6.8%, the attributable deaths increased from 50 200 to 59 100, while the PAF of hypertensive heart disease death due to alcohol consumption increased from 7.0% to 7.7%, the attributable deaths increased from 15 200 to 29 300. The PAF of hypertensive heart disease and hemorrhagic stroke was higher in men than in women, and in central and eastern provinces than in western provinces. In 2018, the standardized mortality rates of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease attributed to alcohol consumption were 4.58/100 000 and 2.11/100 000, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of alcohol consumption in men and daily alcohol intake of drinkers were relatively high in China, especially in eastern provinces. Alcohol exposure level was lower in women than in men. Regional measures should be taken to reduce the alcohol intakes in men and current drinkers in order to reduce the health problems caused by alcohol consumption.
Adult ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Stroke ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology* ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology*

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Heat Stroke ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; etiology

Volume replacement is a vital therapy in patient with circulatory shock, but the type of fluid that should be infused remains in controversy. This study is designed to compare the cardiopulmonary effects of a colloid solution and a crystalloid solution in dogs subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock. Twelve dogs were bled into shock and mean arterial pressure(MAP) were maintained at 60 mmHg for 1 hour followed by further hemorrhage to 40 mmHg for additional one hour, Animals were randomized to fluid challenge with 10% pentastarch(group P) or 0.9% normal saline(group S) to restore MAP. Complete hemodynamic and blood gas parameters and plasma lactate concentration were measured at pre-shock, during shock and after resuscitation for 2 hours. Cardiac function and hemodynamic stability were restored to higher level than the control level on the completion of fluid challenge with each type of solution, but hemodynamic parameters decreased as time goes after resuscitation. Especially in group S, hemodynamic parameters decreased more significantly and rapidly than group P. Considering the relation of left ventricular stroke work index(LVSWI) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP), the cardiac performance was well maintained to normal level in group P during post-resuscitation period, but rapidly deteriorated in group S. There was a significant increase in intrapulmonary shunt fraction with pentastarch that was maximal on the completion of fluid challenge but which normalized over the next 1 hour. Assessment of tissue perfusion was measured by mixed venous oxygen tension(PVO2) and plasma lactate concentration. In group P, PVO. was restored to higher than the control level and maintained to the cantrol level during post-resuscitation period, but in group S, it was not restored to control level at the completion of fluid challenge, moreover after then, it decreased progressively. Plssma lactate concentration was recovered to control level in group P at the completion of fluid challenge, but in group S, it was recovered lately. It means that tissue perfusion was more rapidly and effectively restored in group P than group S. In conclusion, infusion of pentastarch at severe hemorrhagic shock restored the hemodynamic parameter more rapidly and maintained cardiac performance more effectively during post-resuscitation period than normal saline. Infusion of pentastarch also maintained tissue perfusion more effectively but it increased intrapulmonary shunt fraction transiently.
Animals ; Capillaries ; Colloids ; Dogs ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives* ; Lactic Acid ; Oxygen ; Perfusion ; Plasma ; Resuscitation* ; Shock* ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; Stroke

OBJECTIVETo assess the significance of stroke volume variation (SVV) and intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI) on the responsiveness to volume loading in mechanically ventilated canine with hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSHemorrhagic shock canine model was established with the modified Wiggers' method. The heart rate (HR), mean artery pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI) and stroke volume variation (SVV) were investigated by Swan-Ganz catheter or PiCCO monitor. Graded volume loading (VL) was performed. Successive responsive VLs were performed (increase in SV > 5% after VL) until continuous change in SV < 5% (unresponsive) was reached.

RESULTSFourteen canines were studied and a total of 134 VLs were performed. In 94 VLs, an increase in SV of more than 5% was reached. In the other 40 VLs, increase in SV was less than 5%. The change of HR, MAP, ITBI, SVV in responsive were more than those of unresponsive after VL. The change of CVP, PAWP in responsive were less than those of unresponsive. Significant correlation was found between DeltaSV after VL and the baseline values of ITBI, SVV. No correlation was found between DeltaSV and HR, MAP, CVP, PAWP. Significant correlations were also found between DeltaSV and DeltaCVP, DeltaPAWP, DeltaITBI, DeltaSVV after fluid loading. No correlation was found between DeltaSV and DeltaHR, DeltaMAP. By using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve were 0.872 for SVV and 0.689 for ITBI, more than those of HR, MAP, CVP, PAWP statistically. As SVV value of 9.5% or more will predict an increase in the SV of at least 5% in response to a VL with a sensitivity of 92.6% and a specificity of 82.5%.

CONCLUSIONSSVV and ITBI were more useful indicators than CVP and PAWP on the assessment of responsiveness to volume loading. SVV as a functional preload parameter and for on-line monitoring may help to improve the hemodynamic management.

Animals ; Blood Volume ; physiology ; Blood Volume Determination ; methods ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Stroke Volume ; physiology

The Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome is characterized by multiple telangiectasic lesions usually involving the mucous membranes, face and distal extremities. It is a congenital malformation inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and the lesions usually appear during adulthood. The major symptoms are recurrent epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding, but they may cause intracranial hemorrhage at the white matter of the brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon. We report a case of typical autosomal dominant trait Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome associated with intracranial hemorrhage at the right basal ganglia.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain Stem ; Cerebellum ; Diencephalon ; Epistaxis ; Extremities ; Hemorrhage ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Mucous Membrane ; Stroke ; Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic

Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are at risk of developing pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (pAVMs). Paradoxical embolism may occur through pAVMs or patent foramen ovale (PFO) and lead to cerebral infarction. We present a case of cerebral infarction with both pAVM associated with HHT and PFO. Evidence of a right-to-left shunt can suggest other treatment options for stroke prevention, and patients without evidence of conventional stroke etiologies require a thorough evaluation.
Arteriovenous Malformations ; Cerebral Infarction ; Embolism, Paradoxical ; Foramen Ovale, Patent* ; Humans ; Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery* ; Posterior Cerebral Artery* ; Stroke ; Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic*

Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are at risk of developing pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (pAVMs). Paradoxical embolism may occur through pAVMs or patent foramen ovale (PFO) and lead to cerebral infarction. We present a case of cerebral infarction with both pAVM associated with HHT and PFO. Evidence of a right-to-left shunt can suggest other treatment options for stroke prevention, and patients without evidence of conventional stroke etiologies require a thorough evaluation.
Arteriovenous Malformations ; Cerebral Infarction ; Embolism, Paradoxical ; Foramen Ovale, Patent* ; Humans ; Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery* ; Posterior Cerebral Artery* ; Stroke ; Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic*

PURPOSE: Although hypothermia has been used in many clinical situations, such as post cardiopulmonary resuscitation, stroke, traumatic brain injury, septic shock, and hemorrhagic shock, the mechanism by which it works has not been clearly elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on the plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration, lung iNOS expression, and histologic changes in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR). METHOD: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the hypothermia group (HT, n=8, 27~30 degrees C) and the normothermia group (NT, n=8, 36~37 degrees C). They underwent 30 min of intestinal ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery, which was followed by 1.5 h of reperfusion. They were then sacrificed. The acute lung injury (ALI) score, the plasma NO concentration, and lung iNOS gene expression were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the HT group, the NT group showed severe infiltrations of inflammatrory cells, alveolar hemorrhages, and interstitial hypertrophies in lung tissues. There were significant differences in the ALI scores between the NT and the HT groups (8.7 +/- 1.5/HPF in NT vs 5.8 +/- 1.2/HPF in HT, p=0.008). Although the plasma NO concentration was slightly lower in the HT group, there was no significant difference between the two groups (0.80 +/- 0.24 micromol/L in NT vs 0.75 +/- 0.30 micromol/L in HT, p=0.917). Lung iNOS gene expression was stronger in the NT group than in the HT group. The band density of the expression of iNOS in lung tissues was significantly increased in the NT group compared to the HT group (5.54 +/- 2.75 in NT vs 0.08 +/- 0.52 in HT, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that hypothermia in intestinal IR reduces inflammatory responses, ALI scores, and iNOS gene expression in lung tissues. There was no significant effect of hypothermia on the plasma NO concentration.
Acute Lung Injury ; Brain Injuries ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Constriction ; Gene Expression* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Hypothermia* ; Ischemia ; Lung* ; Male ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II* ; Plasma ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; Shock, Septic ; Stroke