Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Adrenochrome

Research ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral

Yellow fever is the original viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a pansystemic viral sepsis with viremia, fever, prostration, hepatic, renal, and myocardial injury, hemorrhage, shock, and high lethality. Yellow fever was one of the most feared lethal diseases before the development of an effective vaccine. Yellow fever (YF) can be prevented by an attenuated vaccine. The yellow-fever 17D vaccine developed in the 1930s has been regarded as one of the most successful live attenuated vaccines, with few side effects or adverse events. The adverse effects associated with yellow-fever vaccine are generally mild and include headache, myalgia, and low-grade fever. Recently, however, some cases of severe neurologic disease and multi-organ system disease have been described in individuals who received yellow-fever vaccine. We report the case of a 39-year-old female with meningitis following vaccination with 17D yellow-fever vaccine.
Adult ; Female ; Fever ; Headache ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Viremia ; Yellow Fever

42 cases of death due to hemorrhagic fever in the year 2002 showed that: they were mainly (90.5%) in South provinces, mainly at the age under 15 (90.5%). The most died within 48 hours after the admission into hospital (73.8%), 26.2% after 3nd day and 92.2% within 5-6 days after the recovery. 85.7% of deaths were at commune level and provincial level. Hemorrhagic common symptoms were usually: blood vomitting (47.6%), hemorrhagic points (42.9%), nasal hemorrhagic 47.6%, gengive hemorrhage 16.7% and erythema (11.9%)
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Mortality ; Death

PURPOSE:Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal diseases. Recently there have been an increasing number of Korean children who have travelled to yellow fever endemic zones and were administered yellow fever vaccine (YFV). Therefore, we carried out this study to provide child travelers with safety information of YFV. METHODS:This study was conducted at the International Clinic of National Medical Center in Seoul between April 2007 and June 2008 for the evaluation of adverse events of YFV. One hundred twenty- five children received YFV (17-DD) and were prospectively monitored for adverse events through telephone interviews on day 3, 6, 9, 16, 23 and 30 after vaccination. RESULTS:Adverse events were observed in 31 (24.8%) of 125 child travelers who received the YFV. The mean age was 12.5+/-5.0 years. Sixty-six of the child travelers (52.8%) were males. The common adverse events were pain in 11 (8.8%), swelling in 8 (6.4%) and redness in 7 children (5.6%) at the injection site. The systemic adverse events included mild fever in 5 (4.0%), headache in 5 (4.0%), cough in 4 (3.2%), abdominal pain in 3 (2.4 %), and vomiting in 2 children (1.6%). Most of the adverse events were detected within 7 days of administration and there were no differences in adverse events by gender or age. All travelers who had complained of symptoms improved spontaneously or following symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSION:This study showed that YFV is well-tolerated and there were no reports of severe adverse events. Studies are ongoing to clarify the cause and risk factors for rare adverse events.
Abdominal Pain ; Child ; Cough ; Fever ; Headache ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vaccination ; Vomiting ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine

Monocytes are important target cells of various hemorrhagic fever viruses. In viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), monocytes can be infected by viruses and produce different kinds of cytokines, which contribute to the antiviral immune response and participation in the immunopathogenesis of VHFs. During the pathogenesis of various VHFs (early stage), monocytes change in cell counting, subpopulation distribution and expression of surface molecules with an activated phenotype. Several hemorrhagic fever viruses can infect monocytes and induce immune response, which may play an important role in immunopathological injury. Monocytes and the cytokines they produce may interact with platelets and vascular endothelial cells, contributing to disease progression.
Humans ; Monocytes ; Endothelial Cells ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/pathology* ; Immunity ; Cytokines

BACKGROUNDTo further probe into the role of CD178 in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

METHODSThe expression of CD178 and HLA-DR on T cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with HFRS and their dynamic changes were detected by Flow cytometry.

RESULTSCD4+ CD178+ and CD8+ CD178+ T lymphocytes both in fever and polyuria phases were significantly higher than those in normal controls, while there was no significant difference between the both phases of HFRS (P > 0.05). CD178 expression on CD4+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes were significantly higher than those in normal controls (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between CD4+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCD178 was expressed on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, but mainly on CD8+ T cell subsets both in early stage and in later stage in the pathogenesis of HFRS. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) might kill target cells infected by hantavirus (HV) and eliminate HV via cell apoptosis mediated by CD178 in early stage of HFRS. In later stage of HFRS, CD178 might reduce antigen-specific T lymphocytes by activation induced cell death (AICD) and help to maintain the homeostasis of immune system.

Adolescent ; Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Fas Ligand Protein ; immunology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; blood ; immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; cytology ; immunology ; Young Adult

Korean hemorrhagic fever is a disease with an acute onset of severe hemorrhagic tendency and acute renal failure. Acute renal failure may be produced by inducing intravascular coagulation in experimental animals, and also, coagulation mechanisms may play a pathogenetic role in certain human renal diseases. One of the clinical consequences of DIC is serious ischemic tissue damage due to capillary flow blocking by fibrin deposits. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to ischemic effects. For the detection of intravascular coagulation, FDP assay is known as a more sensitive and reliable test than are other coagulation studies. Therefore, from September, 1973 to January, l974, the serum and the urine of the selected patients with Korean hemorrhagic fever who had a typical clinical course were subjected to study. The alterations of the serum and urinary FDP concentrations, and the other hematologic, blood chemistry, and urinary examinations were studied in a total of 177 examples of each febrile, hypotensive, oliguric, diuretic, and convalescent phase. Both the serum and urinary FDP concentrations were significantly higher than normal. This data indicates that DIC is detected in Korean hemorrhagic fever, where it may play a major pathogenetic role. And the urinary FDP concentration more closely reflects the severity of renal lesions in this disease than does the serum FDP concentration and the blood urea nitrogen level. It can be assumed that the concentration of urinary FDP can be used as a therapeutic criteria, and is correlated to the intensity and the prognosis of the disease. Also the possibility of improvement following anticoagulant treatment may be proposed. It appears that acute renal failure in this disease has a close relationship to DIC. In its pathogenesis it can be assumed that disruption of the renal cortical perfusion plays a major role in this Korean hemorrhagic fever.
Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/etiology* ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/metabolism ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/metabolism* ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/blood* ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/urine ; Human ; Kidney Failure, Acute/etiology* ; Korea ; Male

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; epidemiology ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of acute infections with high case fatality rates that are caused by four distinct families of RNA viruses belonging to the families Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, Filoviridae and Arenaviridae, the main clinical symptoms of these diseases are accompanied by fever and bleeding. For the reason that these infections have similar primary clinical symptoms, it is difficult to diagnose and distinguish them; rapid and reliable laboratory diagnostic tests are required in suspected cases for epidemiological investigation and controlling the spread of VHFs. This review addresses the laboratory diagnostics of VHFs, covering etiological classification and different diagnostic techniques, such as virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, as well as antigen and antibody assays. Prospects for novel diagnostic tools are also discussed.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; methods ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; diagnosis ; immunology ; virology ; Humans ; RNA Viruses ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification