Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Adrenochrome

Research ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral

Yellow fever is the original viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a pansystemic viral sepsis with viremia, fever, prostration, hepatic, renal, and myocardial injury, hemorrhage, shock, and high lethality. Yellow fever was one of the most feared lethal diseases before the development of an effective vaccine. Yellow fever (YF) can be prevented by an attenuated vaccine. The yellow-fever 17D vaccine developed in the 1930s has been regarded as one of the most successful live attenuated vaccines, with few side effects or adverse events. The adverse effects associated with yellow-fever vaccine are generally mild and include headache, myalgia, and low-grade fever. Recently, however, some cases of severe neurologic disease and multi-organ system disease have been described in individuals who received yellow-fever vaccine. We report the case of a 39-year-old female with meningitis following vaccination with 17D yellow-fever vaccine.
Adult ; Female ; Fever ; Headache ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Viremia ; Yellow Fever

42 cases of death due to hemorrhagic fever in the year 2002 showed that: they were mainly (90.5%) in South provinces, mainly at the age under 15 (90.5%). The most died within 48 hours after the admission into hospital (73.8%), 26.2% after 3nd day and 92.2% within 5-6 days after the recovery. 85.7% of deaths were at commune level and provincial level. Hemorrhagic common symptoms were usually: blood vomitting (47.6%), hemorrhagic points (42.9%), nasal hemorrhagic 47.6%, gengive hemorrhage 16.7% and erythema (11.9%)
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Mortality ; Death

PURPOSE:Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal diseases. Recently there have been an increasing number of Korean children who have travelled to yellow fever endemic zones and were administered yellow fever vaccine (YFV). Therefore, we carried out this study to provide child travelers with safety information of YFV. METHODS:This study was conducted at the International Clinic of National Medical Center in Seoul between April 2007 and June 2008 for the evaluation of adverse events of YFV. One hundred twenty- five children received YFV (17-DD) and were prospectively monitored for adverse events through telephone interviews on day 3, 6, 9, 16, 23 and 30 after vaccination. RESULTS:Adverse events were observed in 31 (24.8%) of 125 child travelers who received the YFV. The mean age was 12.5+/-5.0 years. Sixty-six of the child travelers (52.8%) were males. The common adverse events were pain in 11 (8.8%), swelling in 8 (6.4%) and redness in 7 children (5.6%) at the injection site. The systemic adverse events included mild fever in 5 (4.0%), headache in 5 (4.0%), cough in 4 (3.2%), abdominal pain in 3 (2.4 %), and vomiting in 2 children (1.6%). Most of the adverse events were detected within 7 days of administration and there were no differences in adverse events by gender or age. All travelers who had complained of symptoms improved spontaneously or following symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSION:This study showed that YFV is well-tolerated and there were no reports of severe adverse events. Studies are ongoing to clarify the cause and risk factors for rare adverse events.
Abdominal Pain ; Child ; Cough ; Fever ; Headache ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vaccination ; Vomiting ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine

OBJECTIVETo identify hantavirus from lung specimens of rats captured in Guangxi.

METHODSRats were collected from various areas in Guangxi in combination with plague surveillance and rat lung specimens were examined by ELISA for hantavirus antigen, and M segment of positive specimen was partially amplified with RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for genotyping.

RESULTSFrom a total of 306 rat lung specimens, a strain of SEO hantavirus was detected from lung specimen of a Norvegicus that was from coastal area of Guangxi Qinzhou city.

CONCLUSIONSFor the first time SEO hantanvirus was detected in the coastal area of Guangxi Qinzhou city, its epidemiological significance needs further study.

Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; Base Sequence ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hantavirus ; classification ; genetics ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; epidemiology ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; analysis ; Rats

Monocytes are important target cells of various hemorrhagic fever viruses. In viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), monocytes can be infected by viruses and produce different kinds of cytokines, which contribute to the antiviral immune response and participation in the immunopathogenesis of VHFs. During the pathogenesis of various VHFs (early stage), monocytes change in cell counting, subpopulation distribution and expression of surface molecules with an activated phenotype. Several hemorrhagic fever viruses can infect monocytes and induce immune response, which may play an important role in immunopathological injury. Monocytes and the cytokines they produce may interact with platelets and vascular endothelial cells, contributing to disease progression.
Humans ; Monocytes ; Endothelial Cells ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/pathology* ; Immunity ; Cytokines

BACKGROUNDTo further probe into the role of CD178 in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).

METHODSThe expression of CD178 and HLA-DR on T cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with HFRS and their dynamic changes were detected by Flow cytometry.

RESULTSCD4+ CD178+ and CD8+ CD178+ T lymphocytes both in fever and polyuria phases were significantly higher than those in normal controls, while there was no significant difference between the both phases of HFRS (P > 0.05). CD178 expression on CD4+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes were significantly higher than those in normal controls (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between CD4+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCD178 was expressed on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, but mainly on CD8+ T cell subsets both in early stage and in later stage in the pathogenesis of HFRS. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) might kill target cells infected by hantavirus (HV) and eliminate HV via cell apoptosis mediated by CD178 in early stage of HFRS. In later stage of HFRS, CD178 might reduce antigen-specific T lymphocytes by activation induced cell death (AICD) and help to maintain the homeostasis of immune system.

Adolescent ; Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Fas Ligand Protein ; immunology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; blood ; immunology ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; cytology ; immunology ; Young Adult

Korean hemorrhagic fever is a disease with an acute onset of severe hemorrhagic tendency and acute renal failure. Acute renal failure may be produced by inducing intravascular coagulation in experimental animals, and also, coagulation mechanisms may play a pathogenetic role in certain human renal diseases. One of the clinical consequences of DIC is serious ischemic tissue damage due to capillary flow blocking by fibrin deposits. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to ischemic effects. For the detection of intravascular coagulation, FDP assay is known as a more sensitive and reliable test than are other coagulation studies. Therefore, from September, 1973 to January, l974, the serum and the urine of the selected patients with Korean hemorrhagic fever who had a typical clinical course were subjected to study. The alterations of the serum and urinary FDP concentrations, and the other hematologic, blood chemistry, and urinary examinations were studied in a total of 177 examples of each febrile, hypotensive, oliguric, diuretic, and convalescent phase. Both the serum and urinary FDP concentrations were significantly higher than normal. This data indicates that DIC is detected in Korean hemorrhagic fever, where it may play a major pathogenetic role. And the urinary FDP concentration more closely reflects the severity of renal lesions in this disease than does the serum FDP concentration and the blood urea nitrogen level. It can be assumed that the concentration of urinary FDP can be used as a therapeutic criteria, and is correlated to the intensity and the prognosis of the disease. Also the possibility of improvement following anticoagulant treatment may be proposed. It appears that acute renal failure in this disease has a close relationship to DIC. In its pathogenesis it can be assumed that disruption of the renal cortical perfusion plays a major role in this Korean hemorrhagic fever.
Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/etiology* ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation/metabolism ; Female ; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/metabolism* ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/blood* ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/urine ; Human ; Kidney Failure, Acute/etiology* ; Korea ; Male

The level of terrorist threats using chemical, biological, and radiological agents has been continuously increasing, and it is an undeniable truth that these agents are actually in use today. The fact that most chemical, biological, and radiological agents cause skin-related symptoms, and that the skin symptoms are observed at a relatively early stage of the condition, leads to the conclusion that dermatologists could be the first point of contact for potential victims of these agents. It is highly important that first responders are able to recognize symptoms caused by these agents early and react quickly. Therefore, dermatologists do have a responsibility to take on a role in dealing with chemical, biological, and radiological attacks, and pre-equip themselves with professional knowledge in this field. Among the various types of chemical agents, typical examples of agents causing skin-related symptoms are blistering agents, which lead to bullae and necrosis on the skin. Biological agents are classified from Category A to C according to their respective risk factors. The most dangerous Category A agents include anthrax, smallpox, plague, tularemia, and viral hemorrhagic fever, all of which are known to show characteristic skin-related symptoms. Upon exposure to a certain level of radiation, radiological agents can also lead to erythema on the skin. In this article, we will discuss various characteristics and up-to-date treatment methods of potential chemical, biological, and radiological agents to help dermatologists advance their knowledge in this field.
Anthrax ; Biological Factors ; Blister ; Erythema ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Necrosis ; Plague ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Smallpox ; Terrorism ; Tularemia ; Weapons