The efflux of nitro oxide (NO) in the duration of storing red blood cells (RBCs) was the main reason resulting in decrease and even loss of vasodilatory activity, cell deformability and ability of carrying oxygen (O2) in the stored RBCs. The deep understanding physical functions and acting ways of NO in circulatory system, as well as transformations and balance control of S-Nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) has an important significance for ensuring sure safety and efficacy of transfusion. In this article, the physical functions, acting ways, retaining and transferring form of nitro oxide, and SNO-Hb adjusting, as well as effects of SNO-Hb concentration on change on stored red blood cells were reviewed.
Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; physiology ; Hemoglobins ; biosynthesis ; Humans ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism

Genome editing tools such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated system (Cas) have been widely used to modify genes in model systems including animal zygotes and human cells, and hold tremendous promise for both basic research and clinical applications. To date, a serious knowledge gap remains in our understanding of DNA repair mechanisms in human early embryos, and in the efficiency and potential off-target effects of using technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 in human pre-implantation embryos. In this report, we used tripronuclear (3PN) zygotes to further investigate CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells. We found that CRISPR/Cas9 could effectively cleave the endogenous β-globin gene (HBB). However, the efficiency of homologous recombination directed repair (HDR) of HBB was low and the edited embryos were mosaic. Off-target cleavage was also apparent in these 3PN zygotes as revealed by the T7E1 assay and whole-exome sequencing. Furthermore, the endogenous delta-globin gene (HBD), which is homologous to HBB, competed with exogenous donor oligos to act as the repair template, leading to untoward mutations. Our data also indicated that repair of the HBB locus in these embryos occurred preferentially through the non-crossover HDR pathway. Taken together, our work highlights the pressing need to further improve the fidelity and specificity of the CRISPR/Cas9 platform, a prerequisite for any clinical applications of CRSIPR/Cas9-mediated editing.
Blastocyst ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Hemoglobins, Abnormal ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Zygote

To investigate the changes of free hemoglobin (FHb) content after mixing type B whole blood with different amounts of type O whole blood at room temperature and at 37 degrees C, two lots of type B whole blood stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours were randomly taken as recipient blood, and were packed as 60 ml respectively. Type O blood was taken as donor blood. 60 ml type B whole bloods were mixed with different amounts of type O whole blood, i.e. with 9, 12, 15 and 18 ml. The mixed blood was packed into 100 ml plastic blood bags and stored at 37 degrees C or room temperature, shaken once every 15 minutes. Free hemoglobin content was determined for the harvested samples at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours after store. The results showed that there was no significant elevation of FHb within 12 hours after mixing B whole blood with different amounts of type O whole blood. In another lot, there was obvious difference in FHb after 1 hour store along with the prolongation of store at either room temperature or 37 degrees C. In one lot, there was no difference of FHb (P > 0.05) during 1 - 8 hours of store at room temperature or 37 degrees C, but significant difference at 12 hours of store (P < 0.001). In another lot, there was no difference of FHb (P > 0.05) within 1 hour of store at room temperature and at 37 degrees C, but significant difference during 2 approximately 8 hours of store (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the FHb would not change significantly within 12 hours after type B blood was mixed with 1 200 ml of type O whole blood, but when the mixed blood was placed at room temperature or at 37 degrees C for 8 hours, the FHb content approaches, even exceeds 170.4 mg/L which was observed in the blood stored for 2 days. It suggests that freshly collected blood must be put into refrigerator of 2 approximately 4 degrees C for storing as soon as possible, so as to decrease the catabolism of erythrocyte and the releasing of FHb and other metabolites which are deleterious to the recipients.
ABO Blood-Group System ; metabolism ; Blood Preservation ; methods ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo explore the biomarkers for monitoring trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposure, the relationship between TNT hemoglobin adducts and TNT exposed level.

METHODHemoglobin adducts (4A-Hb and 2A-Hb) were determined by GC-MS in 25 TNT exposed workers. TNT exposed level was evaluated by determining skin contaminated and inhaled TNT levels. The correlation between hemoglobin adducts level and TNT exposed level was analyzed.

RESULTSThere was a correlation between total TNT exposure level, especially skin exposure level, and 4A-Hb or 2A-Hb content. No significant difference was found between the slopes and intercepts of lin ear equation of (4A-Hb) vs TNT exposed level and linear equation of (4A-Hb +2A-Hb) vs TNT exposed level (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSkin contamination is the major role of TNT exposure. TNT exposed level can be evaluated by determining the content of both 4A-Hb and 2A-Hb, and 4A-Hb is more suitable for monitoring TNT exposure.

Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; Skin ; drug effects ; Trinitrotoluene ; metabolism

The purpose of the present study was to examine the kinetic process of hemoglobin (Hb) carrying and releasing oxygen. Under the standard conditions (pH 7.4, Po(2) 20 mmHg, 20 °C) the blood samples of chicken, rabbit, frog and carp were equilibrated in oxygen content analyzer with calibrated gas mixture A (0.5% CO(2) and 99.5% N(2)). Then the blood samples were exposed to gas mixture B (21% O(2), 0.5% CO(2) and 78.5% N(2)). After equilibration, the blood samples were exposed to gas mixture A again. During the whole process, Po(2) of blood samples was detected in real-time. The time spent in blood Po(2) changing from 0 to 21 kPa was recorded carefully. The results indicated that the kinetic curve of Hb carrying oxygen presented a shape of "S". It was similar to the Hb oxygen dissociation curve (Hb ODC). Based on the curve, T(50), a new kinetic parameter, was established. T(50) is the time of 50% O(2) saturation of Hb. It can reflect the efficiency of Hb carrying oxygen. Through comparing of T(50), the efficiency of Hb carrying oxygen among 4 species of animals was: frog < carp < rabbit < chicken. In the phase I of Hb carrying and releasing oxygen kinetic curve, the slope in carp was much larger than that in rabbit; the time [(1 411±6) s] of Hb releasing oxygen in chicken was longer than that in other 3 animals. These differences reflected the variety of efficiency of Hb carrying and releasing oxygen. In addition, the kinetic features of Hb carrying oxygen were likely to become an important index to evaluate the function of Hb carrying oxygen, especially in evaluating the ability of artificial blood substitute. On the basis of the analysis of the kinetic curve of Hb carrying oxygen and Hb ODC, another new important efficacy parameter E(50) was proposed. E(50) reflects the relationship between the time of 50% O(2) saturation of Hb and environmental Po(2). E(50) can be used as a synthetic index to assess the efficiency of Hb carrying oxygen.
Animals ; Anura ; Carps ; Chickens ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Rabbits

The purpose of this study was to test whether oxygen carriers could decrease tissue injury in a rat model of acute myocardial infarct. The study included 3 groups: SD rats in group II and group III were subjected to permanent occlusion of their left anterior descending coronary arteries; SD rats in group I were subjected to sham-operation. The success of modeling was assartained by ECG. Then the rats were given drug via caudal veins for 2 days. A quantitative evaluation was made with an automatic device for interpretation of cardiac troponin T (cTnT); heart staining was made for the calculation of myocardial infarction size (MIS); and myocardial tissue was taken and subjected to routine pathological hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining for showing myocardial cell injury. cTnT in the sham-operation group was significantly lower by comparison with that in the model group (P < 0.01), and it was slightly lower in the oxygen carriers group than that in the model group, but there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.18); MIS was significantly smaller in the sham-operation group than that in the model group (P < 0.01), and it was greater in the model rats than that in the oxygen carriers rats (P < 0.05). HE staining of myocardicum in the oxygen carriers group was significantly better than that in the model group (P < 0.01). The evidence suggested that oxygen carriers increased oxygen supply to ischemic myocardium, reduced the myocardial injury, and thus might offer a novel treatment of myocardial infarction.
Animals ; Blood Substitutes ; pharmacology ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; metabolism ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Troponin T ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of hippophae juice on free radical metabolism of rat skeletal muscle and partial biomarkers in blood.

METHODSRandomly dividing the 30 SD rats into 3 groups (n = 10): sedentary group, training group and hippophae training group. Measuring related indices of skeletal muscle and blood in rat after 6 week training and hippophae juice supplement.

RESULTSCompared with training group, hippophae training group showed obviously longer exhaustive time, significantly increased antioxidant enzyme in skeletal muscle, remarkably decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) content in skeletal muscle, obviously increased testosterone (T) and hemoglobin (Hb) content in blood, significantly decreased creatine kinase (CK).

CONCLUSIONHippophae juice can impove the antioxidant ability of rat skeletal muscle, the level of T and Hb in blood, delay fatigue, therefore effectively enhance the aerobic stamina of rat.

Animals ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Free Radicals ; metabolism ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Hippophae ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Testosterone ; blood

P50 is an important parameter reflecting the binding and releasing oxygen properties of blood substitutes. In this study, based on the strong penetrating property of near infrared light and the mechanism involved in the pulsatile oxygen meter in clinic as well as on the ability for penetrating biodegradable polymers and detecting bovine hemoglobin encapsulated within the microcapsules, we have made an airproof and equilibrium apparatus to measure oxygen saturation and oxygen partial pressure. Subsequently, we have obtained the oxygen dissociation curve and P50 of the microcapsules loaded bovine hemoglobin in the light of oxyHemoglobin and deoxyHemoglobin with different spectrum in the near infrared region. The above-mentioned apparatus and method are not destructive to the microcapsules, and the process is simple and nondestructive. So it is practical to take in-situ measurements of the oxygen binding and releasing property of biodegradable polymer microcapsules intented for the blood substitute.
Animals ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Blood Substitutes ; analysis ; chemistry ; Capsules ; Cattle ; Hemoglobins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Oxygen ; analysis ; metabolism ; Oxyhemoglobins ; metabolism ; Polymers ; chemistry

No abstract available.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*blood ; Diabetic Nephropathies/*blood ; Diabetic Retinopathy/*blood ; Hemoglobins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of iron metabolic parameters with platelet counts in blood donors. METHODS: A total of 400 blood donors who met requirements of apheresis platelet donation were collected, and their hematological parameters were analyzed. The donors were divided into low ferritin group and normal group, the differences of hematological parameters between the two groups were compared, and the correlation of iron metabolic parameters and routine hematology parameters with platelet counts were analyzed. RESULTS: Whether male or female, low ferritin group had higher platelet counts than normal group (P < 0.01). Among the iron metabolic parameters, the platelet counts was negatively correlated with serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) (r =-0.162, r =-0.153, r =-0.256), and positively correlated with total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) (r =0.219, r =0.294) in female blood donors. Platelet counts was also negatively correlated with SF, SI and TSAT (r =-0.188, r =-0.148, r =-0.224) and positively correlated with UIBC (r =0.220) in male blood donors. Among the routine hematology parameters, platelet counts was negatively correlated with mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) in female blood donors (r =-0.236, r =-0.267, r =-0.213, r =-0.284). Platelet counts was also negatively correlated with MCH, MCHC and Ret-He in male blood donors (r =-0.184, r =-0.221, r =-0.209). CONCLUSION In blood donors with low C-reactive protein level, the lower the iron store capacity, the lower the iron utilization, and the platelet counts tends to rise.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Iron/metabolism* ; Blood Donors ; Platelet Count ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Hemoglobins ; Ferritins