Infantile hemangiomas are relatively common soft tissue tumors in infants and young children, with a prevalence of about 4.5% in full-term newborns. Subglottic Hemangioma （SGH） is a relatively rare type of hemangioma, and its special location often causes respiratory distress and potentially life-threatening conditions in infants. Therefore, it is necessary for clinicians to make an accurate diagnosis and formulate a detailed treatment plan based on the clinical manifestations, the auxiliary examinations, the medical history and the vital signs evaluation of patients.This review describes the pathophysiological mechanism of infantile hemangioma and provides a detailed discussion on commonly used treatment methods in detail.
Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Hemangioma/diagnosis* ; Hemangioma, Capillary ; Laryngeal Neoplasms/surgery* ; Larynx/pathology* ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms

Cervical Vertebrae ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; Spinal Canal ; pathology ; Spinal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery

Hepatic hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver. Most such hemangiomas are small, asymptomatic, and have an excellent prognosis. Giant hepatic hemangioma has been reported in the literature, but the exophytic and pedunculated forms of hepatic hemangioma are rare. A 56-year-old woman was referred to our hospital under the suspicion of having a gastric submucosal tumor. Abdominal computer tomography (CT) scans showed a pedunculated mass from the left lateral segment of the liver into the gastric fundus, exhibiting the atypical CT findings of hepatic hemangioma. We therefore decided to perform laparoscopic resection based on the symptoms, relatively large diameter, inability to exclude malignancy, and risk of rupture of the exophytic lesion. The pathology indicated it to be a cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Herein we report a case of pedunculated hepatic hemangioma mimicking a submucosal tumor of the stomach due to extrinsic compression of the gastric fundus.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Female ; Hemangioma/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Stomach Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Diagnosis, Differential ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Granuloma, Pyogenic ; pathology ; surgery ; Hemangioma, Capillary ; pathology ; Hemangiosarcoma ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sarcoma, Kaposi ; pathology

Antigens, CD34 ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hamartoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Hemangioma, Capillary ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Splenectomy ; Splenic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Young Adult ; von Willebrand Factor ; metabolism

Adult ; Antigens, CD34 ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Frontal Bone ; Hemangioma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Hemangioma, Cavernous ; pathology ; Humans ; Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Sarcoma, Kaposi ; metabolism ; pathology ; Skull Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery

Hemangioma of the esophagus is a rare form of benign esophageal tumor. It usually presents as a single lesion located in the lower third of the esophagus and is mostly asymptomatic. However, it may occasionally cause hematemesis and/or obstruction. Surgical resection is the conventional treatment modality for managing esophageal hemangioma, but less invasive approaches such as endoscopic therapy are recently becoming more widely employed. Herein, we report a case of a 54-year-old man who presented with an esophageal hemangioma that was successfully treated by endoscopic mucosal resection without any complications.
Antigens, CD31/metabolism ; Esophageal Diseases/*diagnosis/surgery ; Esophagoscopy ; Esophagus/diagnostic imaging/metabolism/pathology ; Hemangioma/*diagnosis/surgery ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

INTRODUCTIONHaemangiomas in children usually involute spontaneously and surgical treatment is exceptional. Vascular malformations do not regress spontaneously and resection may become necessary. We present a series of surgically treated face and neck vascular anomalies during a 9-year period, assessing the epidemiology, presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic modalities, indications for surgery, treatment methods and clinical outcome post-treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe medical and pathological records of all patients with cervicofacial vascular anomalies treated surgically at our department from 1997 to 2005 were retrospectively reviewed in relation to current evidence.

RESULTSForty-one patients were identified. Of these, 9 patients had haemangiomas and the remaining 32 had a variety of vascular malformations. Cervicofacial vascular anomalies were most commonly located at the lip. Atypical looking vascular anomalies like masseteric intramuscular haemangiomas and parotid malformations were diagnostic problems. All 41 had surgical excision of their vascular anomalies for troubling symptoms, cosmesis or diagnostic purpose. For cervicofacial arteriovenous malformations, 28% were classified as Schobinger stage I, 50% stage II, and the remainder stage III. Combined embolisation-resection was used to treat 6 arteriovenous malformations (stage II to III) and of these, 3 required flap reconstruction.

CONCLUSIONSAccurate diagnosis distinguishing between cervicofacial haemangiomas and vascular malformations is key to best treatment. The diagnosis can usually be made by history and physical examination aided by early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although cervicofacial haemangiomas can be managed conservatively or with medical therapy, surgery is indicated for preventing psychological distress and in cases of chronic aesthetic alteration resulting from partial regression. Aesthetic concerns and prevention of psychosocial distress point to early excision of venous malformation as the treatment of choice. Lymphatic malformations are best treated by excision. Outcome after excision of localised cervicofacial haemangiomas and low-flow vascular malformations is excellent. Large extensive low-flow malformations as well as those located at the lips may require multiple procedures including reconstruction; patients should be informed that the outcome is generally not as good. Combined embolisation-resection is definitive treatment for arteriovenous malformations and flap reconstruction may prevent their recurrence. Tissue expansion is a useful reconstructive tool after the excision of large vascular anomalies.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Face ; blood supply ; Female ; Hemangioma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; blood supply ; Vascular Malformations ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery

Antigens, CD34 ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemangioma ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Hemangiosarcoma ; pathology ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; pathology ; Median Neuropathy ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Melanoma ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; S100 Proteins ; metabolism

A 45-year-old male with alleged asymptomatic hepatic hemangioma of 4 years duration had right upper-quadrant pain and was referred to a tertiary hospital. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed a hypervascular mass of about 7 cm containing intratumoral multilobulated cysts. A preoperative liver biopsy was performed, but this failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. The patient underwent a partial hepatectomy of segments IV and VIII. The histologic findings revealed multifocal proliferation of flattened or cuboidal epithelioid cells and a highly vascular edematous stroma. Immunohistochemistry findings demonstrated that the epithelioid tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), vimentin, calretinin, and cytokeratin 5/6, and were focally positive for CD10, and negative for WT1 and CD34, all of which support their mesothelial origin. Immunohistochemistry for a mesothelial marker should be performed for determining the presence of an adenomatoid tumor when benign epithelioid cells are seen.
Adenomatoid Tumor/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/metabolism ; Hemangioma/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Keratins/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neprilysin/metabolism ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vimentin/metabolism