Objective:To investigate the status quo of nursing cognition of caregivers of patients with end-stage renal disease based on cognitive adaptation theory and explore its influencing factors.Methods:The convenient sampling method was adopted to select 150 caregivers of patients with end-stage renal disease admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from June 2018 to June 2020 as the research objects. Guided by cognitive adaptation theory, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the caregivers' cognitive level of end-stage renal disease care. According to the survey results, caregivers were divided into the high cognition group and the low cognition group. Univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of cognitive level of caregivers.Results:There were 150 caregivers in this group, 60 of whom had high nursing cognition, accounting for 40%. There were statistically significant differences between the high cognition group and the low cognition group in knowledge training, life meaning score, internal control scale score and benefit discovery score ( P<0.05) . Logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge training, meaning of life, internal sources of control and the discovery of benefits were the influencing factors for the nursing cognition level of patients with end-stage renal disease ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The nursing cognition level of caregivers of patients with end-stage renal disease is affected by whether they participate in knowledge training, sense of life meaning, internal control psychological control source and benefit discovery.