Mucins,a family of heavily glycosylated proteins,present mainly in epithelial cells.They function as essential barriers for epithelium and play important roles in cellular physiological processes.Aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucins in gastric epithelium occur at pathological conditions,such as Helicobacter pylori infection,chronic atrophic gastritis,intestinal metastasis,dysplasia,and gastric cancer.This review addresses the major roles played by mucins and associated O-glycan structures in normal gastric epithelium.Further,we expound the alterations of expression patterns and glycan signatures of mucins at those pathological conditions.
Gastric Mucosa/pathology* ; Glycosylation ; Helicobacter Infections/pathology* ; Helicobacter pylori/metabolism* ; Humans ; Mucins/metabolism* ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology*

Autoimmune Diseases ; pathology ; Biopsy ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; pathology ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; virology ; Gastritis ; pathology ; virology ; Helicobacter Infections ; pathology ; Helicobacter heilmannii ; isolation & purification ; Helicobacter pylori ; isolation & purification ; Humans

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) undergoes decades long colonization of the gastric mucosa of half the population in the world to produce acute and chronic gastritis at the beginning of infection, progressing to more severe disorders, including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Prolonged carriage of H. pylori is the most crucial factor for the pathogenesis of gastric maladies. Bacterial persistence in the gastric mucosa depends on bacterial factors as well as host factors. Herein, the host and bacterial components responsible for the incipient stages of H. pylori infection are reviewed and discussed. Bacterial adhesion and adaptation is presented to explain the persistence of H. pylori colonization in the gastric mucosa, in which bacterial evasion of host defense systems and genomic diversity are included.
Gastric Mucosa/*microbiology ; Gastritis/*microbiology/pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/*microbiology ; Helicobacter pylori/*physiology ; Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological changes of early gastric cancer, especially its background mucosa, after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and to investigate the causes of underdiagnosis in preoperative biopsy pathology. Methods: Ninety cases of early gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication and 120 cases of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) specimens without H. pylori eradication and their corresponding biopsy specimens were collected from Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University during 2016-2021. The clinicopathological data of the patients were analyzed, and the histopathological characteristics and immunophenotypic results compared. Results: Compared with the early gastric cancer without H. pylori eradication history, the histopathological type of early gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication was differentiated adenocarcinoma, with staggered distribution of cancerous and non-cancerous epithelium in the tumor area. The morphologic characteristics of gastric mucosa in the background of early gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication, were distinctive, including widening of the opening of enterosylated glandular ducts, serrated change of luminal margin, eosinophilic and microvesicular cytoplasm of enterosylated epithelium. Low-grade atypia existed in gastric cancer epithelial cells after sterilization, which might lead to underdiagnosis or missed diagnosis in biopsy pathology. Conclusions: Early gastric cancer and its background mucosa after H. pylori eradication have unique morphological characteristics, which can be used as a clue for pathological diagnosis, improve the accuracy of biopsy pathology and reduce the underdiagnosis.
Humans ; Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy* ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology* ; Gastric Mucosa/pathology* ; Biopsy

No abstract available.
Duodenum/*pathology ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/*pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/*diagnosis ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Metaplasia/*diagnosis ; Pyloric Antrum/*pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and histopathological features of nodular gastritis (NG) in children.

METHODSA total of 213 children who had undergone gastroscopy due to upper gastrointestinal symptoms were enrolled and were divided into NG and non-NG groups according to endoscopic appearance. The histopathological features of gastric mucosa were evaluated using the updated Sydney System. The rates of Hp infection, moderate to severe inflammation and lymphoid follicles formation of gastric mucosa were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThirty-eight (17.8%) of the subjects were diagnosed with NG. The NG group had significantly increased rates of Hp infection (86.8% vs 14.3%; P<0.01), moderate to severe inflammation (81.6% vs 15.4%; P<0.01) and lymphoid follicles formation of gastric mucosa (52.6% vs 10.3%; P<0.01) compared with the non-NG group. NG had a high specificity (96.8%) and a positive predictive value (86.8%) for the diagnosis of Hp infection. NG was observed in 33 (56.9%) of 58 Hp-positive children and in 5 (3.2%) of 155 Hp-negative children (P<0.01). Hp-positive children had higher rates of moderate to severe inflammation (86.2% vs 5.2%, P<0.01) and lymphoid follicles formation of gastric mucosa (84.2% vs 14.9% P<0.01) compared with Hp-negative children. There were significant differences in Hp colonization, degree of inflammation and inflammation activity in gastric tissues between the NG and non-NG groups (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSNG is a special sign of Hp infection in children, which mostly shows moderate to severe inflammation of gastric mucosa, and can be used as an endoscopic indicator of Hp infection. Hp eradication therapy should be considered in the treatment of NG.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; Gastritis ; pathology ; Helicobacter Infections ; pathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male

The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinicopathologic features of Helicobacter heilmannii-associated gastritis and to compare H. heilmannii-associated gastritis with H. pylori-associated gastritis. We reviewed 5,985 consecutive gastric biopsy specimens. All cases of chronic gastritis with Helicobacter infection were evaluated with the Updated Sydney System, and the grades of all gastritis variables were compared between H. heilmannii-associated gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastritis groups. There were 10 cases of H. heilmannii-associated gastritis (0.17%) and 3,285 cases of H. pylori-associated gastritis (54.9%). The organisms were superficially located within the mucous layer without adhesion to epithelial cells. Interestingly, in one case many intracytoplasmic H. heilmannii organisms were observed in parietal cells with cell damage. A case of low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma concomitant with H. heilmannii infection was detected. Compared to H. pylori-associated gastritis, H. heilmannii-associated gastritis showed less severe neutrophilic activity (p<0.0001), mononuclear cell infiltration (p=0.0029), and endoscopic findings of chronic gastritis devoid of erosion or ulcer (p=0.0309). In conclusion, we present the detailed clinicopathologic findings of H. heilmanniiassociated gastritis compared to H. pylori-associated gastritis. H. heilmannii-associated gastritis is uncommon and milder than H. pylori-associated gastritis, however it may be noteworthy with respect to the development of MALT lymphoma.
Stomach Neoplasms/etiology/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Lymphoma, Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue/etiology/pathology ; Humans ; *Helicobacter pylori ; *Helicobacter heilmannii ; Helicobacter Infections/*pathology ; Gastritis/*pathology ; Female ; Adult

OBJECTIVES: Considering the geographic differences in the prevalence of virulence factors such as CagA or VacA of H. pylori isolated from Korean adults compared with those from western countries, the establishment of a mouse model infected with H. pylori isolated from Korean adults is needed to investigate the pathogenesis and to develop vaccines against H. pylori infection in Korea. The aim of this study was to establish the BALB/c mouse model infected with H. pylori isolated from Korean. METHODS: Six-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated intragastrically with 10(9) CFU of H. pylori. Loss of glandular architecture, erosions and infiltration of inflammatory cells within the lamina propria compared with normal gastric mucosa were scrutinized. Evidence for H. pylori infection was assessed by rapid urease test of gastric mucosa and by microscopic examination using the H & E stain and Warthin-Starry silver stain. RESULTS: Rapid urease test was positive in 55% of all inoculated mice. Definite histologic changes and the evidence of H. pylori colonization were observed in the H. pylori infected group. Significant infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed 6 weeks after the last inoculation and the level of serum IgG against H. pylori was increased from 2 weeks after the last inoculation. CONCLUSIONS: The H. pylori isolated freshly from Korean adults could colonize the stomach of BALB/c mice and induce pathologic alterations that mimics human gastric diseases. This model would facilitate the investigations for the pathogenetic mechanisms of H. pylori infection.
Adult ; Animal ; Base Sequence ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa/pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/etiology* ; Helicobacter pylori*/pathogenicity ; Helicobacter pylori*/isolation & purification ; Helicobacter pylori*/genetics ; Human ; Korea ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Virulence/genetics

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the densities of antral gastrin and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection were related to the bacterial expression of cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA). 32 patients who had underwent diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy were studied. On the histologic examination all patients had antral gastritis. We divided the subjects into three groups. Group I consisted of 6 patients who had chronic superficial gastritis, group II, 9 patients who had H. pylori-associated gastritis but with no expression of CagA, and group III, 17 patients who had H. pylori-associated gastritis with the expression of CagA. In group I and II, serum gastrin levels, and antral G cell and D-cell were measured. In group III, serum gastrin levels, and antral G cell and D-cell were measured, before and after the eradication of H. pylori. The results were as follows. Firstly, serum gastrin concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with H. pylori infection than in the negative controls. Nextly, there was no correlation between the changes in antral G or D-cell density and H. pylori infection. Thirdly, group III had a significant increase in serum gastrin concentrations and a significant decrease in antral D-cell density than group I. Forthly, eradication of H. pylori in group III showed a significantly increased antral D-cell density. Our results suggest that hypergastrinemia in H. pylori-associated gastritis is relevant to the presence of CagA, and the possible mechanism of hypergastrinemia may be related to antral D-cell deficiency, which is caused by H. pylori infection with the expression of CagA.
Adult ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics* ; Cell Count ; Female ; Gastrins/blood* ; Helicobacter Infections/genetics* ; Helicobacter Infections/blood* ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Osmolar Concentration ; Pyloric Antrum/pathology*

Stomach is the most common site of primary extranodal lymphoma. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a unique type of extranodal lymphoma which is associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The development of low-grade MALT lymphoma of stomach is dependent on H. pylori. A transformed clone carrying the translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) forms a MALT lymphoma, the growth of which is independent of H. pylori and will not respond to bacterial eradication. And inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes, p53 can lead to high-grade transformation. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is essential to document the extent of disease and is superior to CT scan in the detection of spread to perigastric lymph nodes and follow-up EUS may determine the response to therapy and detect the relapse in early phase. Lesions that are confined to the mucosa or submucosa of gastric wall can be successfully treated with H. pylori eradication. Those low-grade MALT lymphomas that are not H. pylori positive or do not respond to antibiotic therapy can be treated with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Follow-up is critical in all patients who have been treated with H. pylori eradication and consists of multiple endoscopic biopsies and EUS.
Helicobacter Infections/complications ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; *Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology/pathology ; Stomach Diseases/complications ; *Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology/pathology