Helicobacter pylori (HP) is an infectious pathogen which can easily infringe gastric mucosa. If the body is infected by HP, it can release cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6. These cytokines can regulate the absorption and transformation of bone, promote the formation of osteoclast, and then cause localized or systemic osteoporosis. HP infection may decrease the level of estrogen and vitamin B12, which is considered as a risk factor for osteoporosis. Helicobacter pylori infection is related with the occurrence of gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric malignancies, and these diseases and treatments are associated with osteoporosis. Meanwhile the application of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) can influence absorption of calcium, decrease the level of serum calcium and increase the risk of fracture. Gastrostomy may cause bone metabolism disorders.
Helicobacter Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Osteoporosis ; etiology

Child ; Humans ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy* ; Helicobacter pylori

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is complex. Since some studies have suggested that H. pylori eradication may result in an increased incidence of GERD in duodenal ulcer patients, there have been debates about the protective function of H. pylori infection on GERD. H. pylori-associated antral gastritis can induce increased gastric acid output via increasing gastrin secretion. Changes in gastric acid secretion depend on the distribution (e.g. antral, corpus or pangastritis) or severity of gastritis, not on H. pylori infection itself. Patients with H. pylori infection are at risk of developing gastric mucosal atrophy, and a cohort study suggested that long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy for GERD may accelerate this process. Therefore, it has been recommended that H. pylori should be treated in GERD patients in whom a long-term antisecretory therapy is planned. The previous hypothesis that 'H. pylori infection protects from the development of GERD' is thought to be an erroneous concept recently.
Gastritis/microbiology ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections/*complications/drug therapy ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Humans

OBJECTIVEThis article aimed to review the incidence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and its therapy.

DATA SOURCESRelevant articles published in English were identified by searching in PubMed from 2000 to 2013, with keywords "H. pylori". Important references from selected articles were also retrieved from Elsevier, Wiley, EBSCO, and SPRINGER. The Chinese articles published were searched from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI).

STUDY SELECTIONArticles about "prevalence", "gastric carcinoma", "peptic ulcer", "gastroesophageal reflux disease", "functional dyspepsia", "pathogenic mechanism", "therapy", "eradication rate", "antibiotic resistance", and "gene polymorphisms" were selected.

RESULTSThe decreased infection rates of H. pylori could also be linked to the changed disease spectrum, such as the decreased morbidity and recurrence rate of H. pylori-related peptic ulcer, and the increased morbidity of gastroesophageal reflux. Although different treatment regimens have been used for H. pylori infection, the H. pylori eradication rate declined gradually. Due to primary resistance to antibiotics, the gene polymorphism of host and infected strain, and the therapy regimes, H. pylori eradication became even more difficult.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of H. pylori infection had been decreasing, but the rate of eradication failure has dramatically risen in many countries due to resistance to antibiotic. H. pylori therapy in clinical practice is becoming progressively more difficult.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; genetics ; Helicobacter Infections ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; Helicobacter pylori ; drug effects ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Humans

Humans ; Child ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy* ; Helicobacter pylori ; Consensus ; East Asian People

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological changes of early gastric cancer, especially its background mucosa, after the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and to investigate the causes of underdiagnosis in preoperative biopsy pathology. Methods: Ninety cases of early gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication and 120 cases of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) specimens without H. pylori eradication and their corresponding biopsy specimens were collected from Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University during 2016-2021. The clinicopathological data of the patients were analyzed, and the histopathological characteristics and immunophenotypic results compared. Results: Compared with the early gastric cancer without H. pylori eradication history, the histopathological type of early gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication was differentiated adenocarcinoma, with staggered distribution of cancerous and non-cancerous epithelium in the tumor area. The morphologic characteristics of gastric mucosa in the background of early gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication, were distinctive, including widening of the opening of enterosylated glandular ducts, serrated change of luminal margin, eosinophilic and microvesicular cytoplasm of enterosylated epithelium. Low-grade atypia existed in gastric cancer epithelial cells after sterilization, which might lead to underdiagnosis or missed diagnosis in biopsy pathology. Conclusions: Early gastric cancer and its background mucosa after H. pylori eradication have unique morphological characteristics, which can be used as a clue for pathological diagnosis, improve the accuracy of biopsy pathology and reduce the underdiagnosis.
Humans ; Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy* ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology* ; Gastric Mucosa/pathology* ; Biopsy

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was effective in differentiating between reinfection and recrudescence of H. pylori strains. Following a 1-2 week regimen of omeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1.0 g, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, twenty patients with duodenal ulcer were enrolled in the study. Ten patients (group 1, control) were not successfully treated, and another 10 patients (group 2) exhibited recurrence of infection 6-24 months following the therapy. Follow-up diagnosis was performed by Giemsa stain and CLO test. RFLP profiles of antral and midbody biopsy specimens were compared before and after therapy. PCR products using the ureC gene were digested with restriction enzymes Hha I, Mbo I, and Hind III, and the fragments generated were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Hha I, Mbo I, and Hind III digestion produced 13, 7, and 2 distinguishable digestion patterns, respectively. There was no difference in RFLP profiles seen before and after the therapy in 17 duodenal ulcer patients, while different RFLP profiles were discovered in 3 patients. Following treatment, one (group 2) patient differed in Mbo I, and two (one each from both groups) patients differed in Hha I and Mbo I RFLP patterns. Eight of group 2 patients showed recrudescence of previous infection and two patients had reinfection by another strain. This study supports the hypothesis that PCR-based RFLP analysis can be effective for differentiating reinfection and recrudescence of H. pylori strains following triple therapy.
Adult ; Female ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy ; Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis* ; Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification* ; Helicobacter pylori/genetics ; Human ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length* ; Recurrence

No abstract available.
Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Clarithromycin/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Helicobacter Infections/*drug therapy ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Humans

Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Helicobacter Infections ; drug therapy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Yiqi Huoxue Qingre Huashi Recipe (YHQHR, a recipe capable of supplementing qi, activating blood, clearing heat, and dissipating dampness) on ulcer healing and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication rate in Hp positive peptic ulcer patients, and to explore coccoid Hp occurrence in the eradication.

METHODSTotally 80 Hp positive peptic ulcer patients were assigned to the treatment group and the control groups by random digit table, 40 in each group. All patients received standard triple therapy of Western medicine for 2 successive weeks. Those in the control group additionally took omeprazole enteric coated tablet, 20 mg each time, once per day for 4 successive weeks. Those in the treatment group additionally took YHQHR, twice per day for 6 successive weeks. The ulcer healing was observed and recorded by gastroscope after discontinued medication of 14 days. The effective rate of ulcer healing under endoscope was statistically calculated. Rapid urease test (RUT) was performed in one small piece of tissue from corpora ventriculi and sinuses ventriculi using 14C breathe test (UBT). Gastric juice was collected from the stomach. Hp urease gene amplification test (urea A-PCR) was performed in living tissue from gastric antrum. Results obtained from the above three test methods were recorded and assessed to decide the final eradiation rate. Gastric mucosa tissue was observed under electron microscope,attempting to find non-eradicated Hp, which was further observed.

RESULTSThe total curative effect under gastroscope was 97.5% (39/40 cases) in the treatment group, obviously higher than that in the control group (80.0%, 32/40 cases) (P < 0.05). The eradication rate of Hp was 75.0% (30/40 cases), obviously better than that of the control group (52.5%, 21/40 cases) (P < 0.05). The total positive Hp numbers after treatment was 14C UBT (12), RUT (8), and urea A-PCR (27), respectively. The Hp positive rate detected by 14C UBT and RUT was lower than the Hp positive rate detected by urea A-PCR (P < 0.05). Rod-like and coccoid Hp bacteria could be observed under electron microscope.

CONCLUSIONYHQHR combined standard triple therapy was more effective than standard triple therapy alone in promoting ulcer healing and elevating the eradication rate of Hp.

Breath Tests ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Gastric Mucosa ; Helicobacter Infections ; drug therapy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Omeprazole ; Peptic Ulcer ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Urea