PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the degree of cognitive function of elderly by MMSE-K performances and of that effect. METHOD: The subjects were 185 aged over 65 in Daejeon Metropolitan city. Data were collected through personal interview using the questionnaire from 10 to 31, Jan.. 2003. The measures were Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K). RESULTS: The mean score of MMSE-K was 22.60+/-5.39. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was estimated as 48.6% by MMSE-K < or =23 and significantly age, gender, and education effect. The subtype score of MMSE-K were significantly lower in female group in each items : orientation in time and place, attention/calculation, language except registration and recall. And the scores were significantly lower in the older group and non-educated group in the all items of MMSE-K. CONCLUSION: Gender, age, and education showed significant effects on total and subtype MMSE-K score. Cognitive function decline were higher in female, older age group, and non-educated group. Therefore, those three factors are thought to be one of important risk factors for development of dementia, also it is assumed to be affected by other variables than age, gender, education effect.
Aged* ; Dementia ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolon with or without rescue laser therapy (intravitreal triamcinolone injection [IVTA] group), bevacizumab with or without rescue laser treatment (intravitreal bevacizumab injection [IVB] group), or a combination of both with or without rescue laser therapy (IVTA + IVB group), with standard care for patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 151 patients treated with intravitreal injection with or without rescue laser for treatment of macular edema caused by BRVO, and who were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. During the observation period, rescue grid laser or repeated intravitreal injection with initial drug was performed if recurrence of macular edema was confirmed. Visual acuity, change in visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were compared in each phase. RESULTS: Totals of 16%, 5.6%, and 0% of participants in the three groups showed significant visual loss of more than three lines of the Snellen chart at last follow-up. The IVTA group was the least effective treatment modality, with statistical significance. The development rates of elevated intraocular pressure were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although IVTA yielded effects similar to those of standard grid photocoagulation based on the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion study, IVB or IVTA + IVB with or without rescue laser treatment resulted in improvement in visual acuity at 24 months after the start of treatment and was associated with few serious adverse side effects. Thus, these approaches could be useful for treating macular edema arising secondary to BRVO.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Laser Therapy/*methods ; Macular Edema/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recurrence ; Retinal Vein Occlusion/*complications/diagnosis/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Treatment Outcome ; Triamcinolone Acetonide/*administration & dosage ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolon with or without rescue laser therapy (intravitreal triamcinolone injection [IVTA] group), bevacizumab with or without rescue laser treatment (intravitreal bevacizumab injection [IVB] group), or a combination of both with or without rescue laser therapy (IVTA + IVB group), with standard care for patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 151 patients treated with intravitreal injection with or without rescue laser for treatment of macular edema caused by BRVO, and who were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. During the observation period, rescue grid laser or repeated intravitreal injection with initial drug was performed if recurrence of macular edema was confirmed. Visual acuity, change in visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were compared in each phase. RESULTS: Totals of 16%, 5.6%, and 0% of participants in the three groups showed significant visual loss of more than three lines of the Snellen chart at last follow-up. The IVTA group was the least effective treatment modality, with statistical significance. The development rates of elevated intraocular pressure were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although IVTA yielded effects similar to those of standard grid photocoagulation based on the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion study, IVB or IVTA + IVB with or without rescue laser treatment resulted in improvement in visual acuity at 24 months after the start of treatment and was associated with few serious adverse side effects. Thus, these approaches could be useful for treating macular edema arising secondary to BRVO.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Laser Therapy/*methods ; Macular Edema/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recurrence ; Retinal Vein Occlusion/*complications/diagnosis/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Treatment Outcome ; Triamcinolone Acetonide/*administration & dosage ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: This study seeks to examine prevalence, risk factors, and quality of life of Korean adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). METHODS: From the database of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-1, 2008), the researchers selected 1,458 adults over the age of 45. The original study was a population-based epidemiological survey of health and nutrition with a stratified multistage clustered probability design. Prevalence of COPD was computed on the basis of the sampling weight. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2 test, t-test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS WIN 18.0 and SAS Ver. 9.1 program. RESULTS: The prevalence of COPD was 18.0% among people older than 45 yr. The prevalence of current smokers was 19.7% in this population and 26.3% in individuals with COPD. Age, gender, education, and smoking levels were found to be risk factors for COPD. Significant difference in quality of life was founded between adults with COPD and the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that COPD is a highly prevalent disease in Korea. To reduce the prevalence of COPD and improve health-related quality of life in patients with COPD, nursing interventions must focus on prevention of risk factors.
Age Factors ; Aged ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/*epidemiology/pathology/prevention & control ; Quality of Life ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Smoking

PURPOSE: This study was to explore elderly people's elder abuse experiences, and the relations between the abuse experiences (direct and indirect) and their level of activities of daily living, family relations and self-integrity. METHOD: A descriptive survey was conducted, and the participants were 108 elderly people. Data were analyzed using SPSS by descriptive statistics and t-test. RESULT: It was that indirect abuse experiences of the elder was higher than direct abuse experiences. In this research, the most common kind of direct elder abuse was 'psychological abuse and negligence', and the severity was low. The largest portion of indirect abuse experiences belonged to 'physical abuse and negligence', and the severity was high. The older people who had direct abuse experiences showed lowered self-integrity and serious family problems and stress. CONCLUSION: The experiences of elder abuse showed differences in family relations and self integrity. Hence, there should be a nursing intervention improving psycho-social factors such as self integrity and family relations, and systematic and easily available supporting organizations for victims of elder abuse.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Elder Abuse ; Family Relations ; Humans

PURPOSE: The purposes were to explore and compare the level of perceived stigma toward physically disabled, and to find factors related with the perceived stigma. METHOD: Data were collected by structured questionnaire from July to September 2007. The participants consisted of 292 physically disabled and 294 non-disabled living in Daejeon, Korea. These data were analyzed using SPSS Win 12.0 by descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test, t-test, one-way ANOVA. RESULT: The perceived stigma towards physically disabled of the physically disabled was higher than non-disabled's. The physically disabled stigmatized themselves in all the subcategories of the perceived stigma. The physically disabled perceived the stigma differently according to the spouses, economic status, educational level, comorbidity and impairment sites. The non-disabled's perceived stigma was different according to gender, existence of spouses, job and economic status. Non-disabled's stigma towards physically disabled was not different by experiences related with physically disabled. CONCLUSION: For reducing the perceived stigma, nursing intervention strategies should be developed, especially for physically disabled, and further studies should be conducted to define related factors. The results of this study might be a standard to evaluate effects of nursing interventions for decreasing the stigma.
Comorbidity ; Disabled Persons ; Educational Status ; Humans ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spouses ; Stereotyping

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive function in NIDDM patients. METHOD: The data were collected at MI OPD in C University hospital. with Digit Span Forward & Backward, Trail Making Test-A, Trail Making Test-B, and MMSE. RESULT: There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to gender, and in TMT-A according to living with spouse and comorbidity. There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, TMT-B, and MMSE according to monthly income, and in DF, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to hypertensive state. But, there was no difference in cognitive function score according to diabetes-related complication and diabetes treatment modality. There was a significant positive correlation between duration of NIDDM and TMT-A (r=.215, p=.025). The global cognition score was explained 42.1% of varient by age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state. CONCLUSION: As above results showed, among age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state, prevented and managed hypertensive state which is modifiable factor may reduce or delay cognitive function impairment in NIDDM patients. And DF & DB, TMT-A & B could be more utilized as useful cognitive function measurements because those tests reflected cognitive function in NIDDM patients better than MMSE.
Cognition ; Comorbidity ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Education ; Humans ; Spouses

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of oral self-care education on the oral mucositis and oral self-care performance in pediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: We conducted the study using the nonequivalent control group and non-synchronized design, and invited pediatric cancer patients, admitted to a university hospital for chemotherapy, to participate in the study. Data collection was completed for the control group first and proceeded to the experimental group. The data were collected from September 24 to November 5, 2015. Twenty children were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The children in the experimental group, along with their parents, were provided with a 10-minute flash animation and a brochure, both explaining oral self-care practices. Children in the groups were evaluated for the status of oral mucositis and their ability to perform oral self-care before chemotherapy, as well as at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the administration of chemotherapy. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and repeated measures ANOVA were utilized to test the homogeneity of variance between the two groups and examine the effectiveness of the oral self-care education. RESULTS: Children in the experimental group showed significant improvement in oral self-care performance compared to the control group post oral self-care education. CONCLUSION: Promoting oral self-care practices is an important nursing intervention in the prevention of oral mucositis in pediatric cancer patients. Inclusion of advanced smart technology, such as the use of flash animation, to facilitate nursing intervention could enhance the effectiveness of the intervention in young cancer patients. Broader application of smart technology in patient education is warranted.
Child ; Data Collection ; Drug Therapy* ; Education* ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Mucositis ; Nursing ; Oral Hygiene ; Pamphlets ; Parents ; Patient Education as Topic ; Pediatric Nursing ; Self Care* ; Stomatitis*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine influence of cognitive function, disease severity and disability on ability to perform activity of daily living (ADL) after ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total of 88 patients with ischemic stroke were recruited from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012 and assessed with the standardized cognitive test battery and self-reports about disease severity, disability, and ADL. To analyze the data, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression were conducted using SPSS/WIN program. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between ADL and visuospatial function, visual memory, executive function, and disability (r=.29~.38). Executive function and disability explained 17.3% of total variability in ADL performance after ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Executive function may be a promising target for cognitive rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. Thus, effective therapeutic interventions such as cognitive training for stroke patients should be considered to improve their ability to perform ADL.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Cognition ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Memory ; Rehabilitation ; Severity of Illness Index ; Stroke*

Four Cladobotryum isolates were collected from four different commercially grown mushroom types infected with cobweb disease in Cheongdo-gun and Chilgok-gun of Gyeongbuk Province, Korea in 2010. The isolates were identified as C. mycophilum from Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii, C. varium from Flammulina velutipes and Hypsizygus marmoreus. The cultural characteristics of the four isolates were investigated using potato dextrose agar (PDA) media under nine different temperatures ranging from 5~32degrees C. Rapid growth of the isolates to colony diameters of 47~82 mm was observed at conditions of 18~22degrees C. No growth was observed at 32degrees C. C. mycophilum produced a yellowish red pigment while C. varium produced a cream colored pigment after cultivation for 25 days on PDA. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region and partial 28S rDNA from the four isolates confirmed they were C. mycophilum and C. varium. Cross pathogenicity tests revealed that the two isolates of C. mycophilum were highly pathogenic toward three mushroom types, but not toward H. marmoreus. The two isolates of C. varium were less pathogenic than those of C. mycophilum, but were pathogenic toward all mushroom types evaluated.
Agar ; Agaricales ; Agaricus ; Cultural Characteristics ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Flammulina ; Glucose ; Korea ; Pleurotus ; Solanum tuberosum