PURPOSE: Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are well-established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigated the prevalence and management status of these factors for dyslipidemia among Korean adults aged 30 years old and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prevalence and management status of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes were analyzed among 12229 subjects (≥30 years) participating in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 2010–2012. Dyslipidemia was defined according to treatment criteria rather than diagnostic criteria in Korea. Therefore, hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolemia was defined if LDL cholesterol levels exceeded the appropriate risk-based threshold established by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence was highest for dyslipidemia (39.6%), followed by hypertension (32.8%) and diabetes (9.8%). The lowest patient awareness was found for dyslipidemia (27.9%). The treatment rate was 66.5% for diabetes and 57.3% for hypertension, but only 15.7% for dyslipidemia. The control rate among those undergoing treatment was highest for hypertension (64.2%), followed by dyslipidemia (59.2%) and diabetes (22.1%). The higher the risk levels of CVD were, the lower the control rate of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: While the prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher than hypertension and diabetes, awareness and treatment rates thereof were lower. Higher CVD-risk categories showed lower control rates of dyslipidemia. In order to improve awareness and control rates of dyslipidemia, diagnostic criteria should be reconciled with treatment targets based on cardiovascular risk in Korean populations.
Adult* ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dyslipidemias* ; Education ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Lipoproteins ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors*

BACKGROUND :Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) such as c-Abl, c-KIT, PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-bata are key proteins in the regulation of cell growth. In this study, we evaluated the correlations between the expression of c-Abl, c-KIT, PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta and the survival of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: We performed the immunohistochemistry for 102 patients with ovarian cancer and we retrospectively reviewed the overall and disease free survival and also the response to platinum-based chemotherapy in those patients. RESULTS: The short disease free survival rate was significantly associated with the increased expression of PDGFR-alpha (p=0.0459). The short overall survival time in patients with advanced (stage III and IV) ovarian cancer was associated with the overexpression of c-Abl (p=0.0268) and the reduced expression of c-KIT (p=0.0307). On multivariate analysis, the tumor stage and c-Abl maintained their prognostic influence. Meanwhile, none of the four PTK expression patterns predicted the response to the platinum-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that for patients with advanced ovarian cancer, the overexpression of c-Abl and the reduced expression of c-KIT might be used as poor prognostic factors for overall survival. It is further noteworthy that the tumor stage and c-Abl may be useful in predicting the patients' survival. Although any of the four PTKs could not predict the response to platinum chemotherapy, the expression of the kinases targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitor suggests the potential usefulness of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesylates ; Multivariate Analysis ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Phosphotransferases ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor* ; Platinum ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor* ; Retrospective Studies ; Imatinib Mesylate

Borderline clear cell adenofibromatous tumors are rare with only 26 cases reported in the English literature. Five of these cases exhibited microinvasion and 4 demonstrated intraepithelial carcinoma. We report 2 cases, one typical case and the other with microinvasion. The histological findings revealed widely spaced and focally crowded, variably-sized atypical glands or tubules lined by clear, eosinophilic or hobnail cells set in a dense fibrous stroma. One of the two cases had small solid nests or single cells in the stroma around the proliferative glands less than 1 mm in length that was considered to be a microinvasion.
Carcinoma in Situ ; Eosinophils ; Female ; Ovary*

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the clinical features of patients with congenital hypothyroidism due to ectopic thyroid including locations of ectopic thyroid, thyroid function, age of treatment, and starting dose of medication. METHODS: A total of 71 children with congenital hypothyroidism due to ectopic thyroid diagnosed by thyroid ultrasonography (USG) or 99mTc-petechnetate thyroid scan in the department of pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital from 1992 to 2015 were enrolled and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 71 patients, 26 patients (36.6%) were male and 45 patients (63.4%) were female as the gender ratio was 1:1.73. The locations of ectopic thyroid confirmed by USG or scan were found to be sublingual in 52 patients (73.2%), lingual in 17 patients (23.9%), prelaryngeal in 1 patient (1.4%), and combined in 1 patient (1.4%), respectively. The average value of serum thyroid stimulating hormone was 267.5 µIU/mL and free thyroxin was 0.63 ng/dL. The average value of thyroglobulin (TG) was 217.6 ng/mL. Fifty two patients (73.2%) started treatment within the 1 month of age and 19 patients (26.8%) started after the 1 month of age. The average of the medication starting dose was 12.2 µg/kg/day. There was no significant difference on TG value and starting medication dose. CONCLUSION: As the previous literatures, the presence of ectopic thyroid was more common in female than male. It was coincident with this study. It is generally accepted that lingual ectopic thyroid is most common ectopic location, but in this study, proportion of sublingual thyroid was most common.
Child ; Congenital Hypothyroidism* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Dysgenesis* ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Ultrasonography

LABD is an autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease which is characterized by linear deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) in the basement membrane. The definite pathogenesis of LABD is still unknown. Some cases of LABD have been associated with drugs. Vancomycin is the most commonly implicated drug. Although LABD is a relatively rare adverse reaction of vancomycin, it is important for clinicians to be aware of this reaction because the use of vancomycin is increasing along with the increase in the incidence of MRSA infections.
Basement Membrane ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Incidence ; Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms* ; Vancomycin

LABD is an autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease which is characterized by linear deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) in the basement membrane. The definite pathogenesis of LABD is still unknown. Some cases of LABD have been associated with drugs. Vancomycin is the most commonly implicated drug. Although LABD is a relatively rare adverse reaction of vancomycin, it is important for clinicians to be aware of this reaction because the use of vancomycin is increasing along with the increase in the incidence of MRSA infections.
Basement Membrane ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Incidence ; Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms* ; Vancomycin

Objective: Although maintenance treatment for mood disorders is important, the treatment discontinuation rate is reported to be high. This study aimed to investigate the dropout rates and associated factors in mood disorders. Methods: The patients in a mood disorder clinic (n = 535) were examined. Demographic and clinical factors, scores of psychometric scales, time to dropout from initial treatment in patients with bipolar disorder (BP) (n = 288) and depressive disorder (DD) (n = 143) were evaluated based on database of the mood disorder clinic. Results: Among the studied patients with BP and DD, 50% showed dropout in 4.05 and 2.17 years, respectively. The mean survival times were 8.90 years in bipolar disorder I (BP-I), 5.19 years in bipolar II disorder, 3.22 years in bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, 4.24 years in major depressive disorder, and 4.03 years in other depressive disorders.In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model in the BP group, diagnosis BP-I was found to be significantly related to the decrease in dropout rate (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.22, p = 0.001); however, increased past suicide attempt number was significantly related to the increase in dropout rate (HR = 1.13, p = 0.017). In the DD group, none of anxiety disorders as comorbidity, increased scores of openness, and extraversion personality were related to the increase in dropout rate. Conclusion Patients with BP, especially BP-I, showed a lower dropout rate as compared to patients with other mood disorders.

Primary mesenchymal neoplasm of the adrenal gland is very rare. Recently we experienced a case of leiomyosarcoma of the adrenal gland in a 47-year-old female patient. The resected adrenal gland showed a large lobulated mass, which replaced the entire gland. The cut surface was firm and whitish gray with foci that showed hemorrhage and necrosis. Histologically, the tumor was composed of intersecting fascicles of pleomorphic spindle cells with numerous giant cells and mitotic figures. Some of the tumor cells showed elongated nuclei. Immunohistochemical studies were strongly positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin. Cytokeratin, desmin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and lysozyme were all negative. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in Korea.
Actins ; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms ; Adrenal Glands* ; Desmin ; Female ; Giant Cells ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Keratins ; Korea ; Leiomyosarcoma* ; Middle Aged ; Muramidase ; Muscle, Smooth ; Necrosis ; Vimentin

We recently experienced an atypical chondroid lesion metastatic to the lung. Examined under the microscope, the excised nodules displayed abundant amounts of chondroid tissue and necrosis with dystrophic calcification. The calcification had a characteristic "chicken wire" pattern. The chondroblasts contained one or two round to oval, focally indented nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. Although some enlarged nuclei with mild to moderate pleomorphism were present, significant nuclear atypia was lacking. Mitotic figures were scarce (1/10 high power field). Scattered multinucleated osteoclast-type giant cells were observed among the chondroblasts. Thus, the possibility of chondroblastoma was considered first. Metastasis of histologically benign chondroblastoma is a rare event, but well documented. The pulmonary metastatic nodules were described as ceasing to grow in some cases; and a significant number of patients were free of tumors following removal of the metastatic nodules. These findings suggest that the metastasis may represent a simple transport phenomenon. However, there are, as yet, no histologic parameters that help determine whether these metastases are to cease their growth or will progress to kill the host.
Chondroblastoma ; Chondrocytes ; Giant Cells ; Humans ; Lung ; Necrosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis

BACKGROUND: Children today are exposed to various media devices, and their usage of these is increasing. Prior studies have outlined forms of harm this can potentially cause. However, there has been little empirical research on the use of media devices among preschool children in Asia. The aim of this study was to examine and analyze longitudinal trends in media device use among Korean preschool children, focusing on the frequency of engagement, time spent with, and ownership of media devices, delineated by sex. METHODS: Four hundred parents of children aged 2–5 years were invited to enroll. The baseline assessment, Wave 1, was conducted between December 2015 and June 2016, and follow-up assessments, Wave 2 and Wave 3, were conducted annually for the following 2 years. Time of media use, frequency of media use, and ownership of media devices (TV, tablet PCs, and smartphones) were investigated. RESULTS: Ownership of tablet PCs increased significantly between Wave 1 and Wave 3 for boys and girls (corrected P < 0.001). Frequency of media use increased significantly between Wave 1 and Wave 3 only in boys' use of tablet PCs (mean difference 0.8 day/wk). Time of media use increased significantly between Wave 1 and Wave 3 for both sexes in all devices, measured by mean difference on weekdays and weekends (TV by 0.6 and 0.7 hr/day, tablet PCs by 0.6 and 0.8 hr/day, and smartphones by 0.4 and 0.4 hr/day). Children spent more time using media devices during weekends than on weekdays. CONCLUSION: This study observed an increase in the tendency of media device use among preschool children in Korea. The patterns of use indicate that paying attention to the types of devices children use is needed, as well as vigilance on weekends.
Asia ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Empirical Research ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Ownership ; Parents ; Smartphone