No abstract available.
Neuropeptide Y* ; Neuropeptides*

During the last century, the mainstay for the treatment of uterine cervix cancer has been via two main primary treatment modalities, these being radical surgery (radical hysterectomy and regional lymph nodes dissection) and radiotherapy. Generally, radical surgery is restricted to stages I and IIa of FIGO (the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Classification, while radiotherapy may be applied to all stages of cervical cancer. In 1999 the National Cancer Institute Clinical Announcement established concurrent chemoradiotherapy as a new primary treatment modality, which is the focus of this review.
Cervix Neoplasms/*therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Human

Uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in Western countries. In Korea, its incidence has been rising, and the increased incidence is associated with a rising death rate. The first two decades of endometrial cancer study by the GOG began with a prospective, surgicopathologic staging trial that was the cornerstone for development of all subsequent trials. The therapeutic strategies were tailored to disease extent - low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk groups of patients. There were great advances in the area of chemotherapeutic agents through a number of extensive phase II trials. New trials of these agents have been opened for the patients with advanced or recurrent uterine cancers.
Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mortality ; Uterine Neoplasms

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) updated the staging system for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium in 2009. A new staging system for uterine sarcoma has been designed. This review summarizes the changes. There were minor changes in carcinoma of endometrium and cervix. The staging systems for uterine sarcomas were newly developed. Major changes were made for the carcinoma of vulva. There were no changes for cancer of the ovary, tube, vagina, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Cervix Uteri ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Endometrium ; Female ; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease ; Gynecology ; Obstetrics ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Sarcoma ; Vagina ; Vulva

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of lowering the cutoff values of 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: Patients with an abnormal 50 gm glucose challenge test (GCT) of more than 130 mg/dL at 24-28 weeks of gestation underwent a 3-hour OGTT at 28-32 weeks of gestation. Patients were divided into four groups according to the criteria recommended by Carpenter-Coustan or National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) (Control: 50 gm GCT negative [n=268], Borderline: 2 or more abnormal values met or exceeded Carpenter-Coustan criteria but not the NDDG criteria [n=100], NDDG I: 2 or more abnormal values met or exceeded NDDG criteria, [treated, n=70], NDDG II: [not treated, n=42]). Obstetric and perinatal outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of 5,827 pregnant women screened for GDM, 112 (1.9%) met the NDDG criteria, whereas 212 (3.6%) met the Carpenter-Coustan criteria. The incidences of poor maternal outcomes were 20.1%, 28.0%, 47.1%, 21.4%, and the incidences of poor neonatal outcomes were 3.7%, 6.0%, 14.3%, 16.7% in the four groups (p<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that 1) NDDG I showed an independent risk factor for poor maternal outcome (OR, 3.37), but the borderline group did not, 2) NDDG I showed an independent risk factor for poor neonatal outcome (OR, 3.87), but the borderline group did not, 3) the borderline group showed an independent risk factor for preterm delivery (OR, 2.67). CONCLUSION: Lowering the cutoff values would increase the number of pregnant women with GDM, while only minimally affecting the perinatal outcomes. Further large-scale prospective studies for Korean pregnant women may be needed.
Diabetes, Gestational* ; Female ; Glucose ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

No abstract available.
Muscle, Smooth* ; Smooth Muscle Tumor*

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics on translocation of intrauterine device and the methods of removal. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 77 cases of translocation of intrauterine device from June 1994 to December 2002. RESULTS: Among 77 cases undergoing removal of intrauterine device, 17 cases (22.1%) were translocted intraperitoneally. Fifteen cases were removed by laparoscopy, 2 cases were by laparotomy and there was no specific postoperative complication. The incidence of intraperitoneal translocation was not related to the type of IUD. Between intrauterine and extrauterine translocation, the incidence of symptoms were not different, but low abdominal pain were slightly increased in extrauterine (35.3%) than intrauterine (10.0%) group. The time lapse after insertion of IUD was ranged from 1 month to 35 year, the mean duration was 9.39 year, that was not related to the incidence of intraperitoneal translocation. In the cases of extrauterine translocation, the mean hospital day was significantly increased (p=0.001), the mean duration was 2.5 day (1-7 day), compaired with 0.7 day (0-6 day) of the cases of not translocated. CONCLUSION: As the type of IUD or symptoms, it is difficult to anticipate the possibility of the intraperitoneal translocation of IUD. But, in cases of extrauterine translocation of intrauterine device, the incidence of low abdominal pain was slightly increased, and ring type IUD was rarely extrauterne translocated. So, it is necessary to further study what factors contribute the extrauterine translocation of IUD.
Abdominal Pain ; Incidence ; Intrauterine Devices* ; Laparoscopy ; Laparotomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies

Apoptosis is an intrinsic and fundamental biological process that plays a critical role in the normal development of multicellular organisms and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Some of the well known regulators of apoptosis are cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor(TNF) ligand family, such as Fas ligand(Fas L) and TNF, which induce apoptosis by activation of their corresponding receptors, Fas and TNFR-1. Recently, a new member of the TNF family known as TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) was identified and shown to induce p53-independent apoptosis in a variety of tumor cell lines but not in normal cells, Four human receptors for TRAIL were also recently identified and designated TRAIL-R1, -R2, -R3, and -R4. The aim of this study is to examine whether TRAIL and TRAIL receptots(-R1, -R2, -R3) are expressed in uterine cervical cancer and whether it is correlated with apoptosis, TRAIL and TRAIL receptors. The subjects were 20 patients who were diagnosed with cervical cancer. Western blotting was performed in 9 cases, immunohistochemical staining for TRAIL and TRAIL receptors(-R1, -R2, -R3) and TUNEL method for detection of apoptosis in 11 cases. There were proteins for TRAIL, TRAIL-R1, -R2, and -R3 in tissues from cervical cancer. All TRAIL receptors were expressed in both normal cervical epithelium and tumor cells, and TRAIL-Rl and -R2 were more strongly expressed in tumor cells than normal epithelium(p<0.05). Apoptosis correlated with expression of TRAIL-Rl and -R2(p<0.05). This study suggests that TRAIL induces apoptosis in cervical cancer through its receptors.
Antigens, CD95 ; Apoptosis ; Biological Processes ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cytokines ; Epithelium ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Necrosis ; Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*