The nutritional status of 362 elderly men and women in Chung-bud area was evaluated in terms of their nutrient intakes, biochemical and anthrophometric measurements by interviews with questionnaires from August to October 1996. Mean intake of all nutrients except ascorbic acid did not meet the RDA for this sample. Protein, vit A, reboflavin, calcium were the most likely to be deficient on the basis of propotions of elderly consuming less than 75% of the RDA. The subjects nutrient intake was significantly affected by gender, marital status, number of family, family composition, educational level, pocket money, and region. Men in rural areas and women over 75 in urban areas were the most vulnerable groups with nutritional deficiency. According to serum biochemical indices, mean level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, total protein, albumin and iron belonged to normal range but mean level of HDL showed below the normal range. More elderly men and women in urban areas showed a higher percentage of abormal level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL than those in rural areas. More elderly men and women in rural areas had abnormal levels of RBC, Hematocrit and hemoglobin compared to those in urban areas. Mean height and weight of elderly men was 161.4cm and 56.2Kg, respectively and 149.1cm and 50.5kg for women. The elderly in rural areas were taller than those in urban areas but had less weight, MAC, TSF, MAMC. Mean BMI of this sample belonged to normal range. However, the elderly in rural areas had a higher rate of underweight and lower for overweight than those in urban areas. The elderly in urban areas had higher blood pressure than those in rural areas.
Aged* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Iron ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Marital Status ; Nutritional Status* ; Overweight ; Reference Values ; Thinness ; Triglycerides ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Three hundred sixty-two(male 131, female 231) elderly aged over 65 in Chungbuk area were interviewed to determine the disease states and drug usage patterns. The prebalence of disease was 78% and women reported more chronic diseases(83%) than men(71%). Elderly who live with spouse and have an occupation have a lower rate of disease. Average number of diseases of the elderly was 1.8+/-1.1, and women(2.1+/-1.3) have significantly higher average number of diseases than that of men(1.4+/-0.7). Also the elderly in urban areas(2.1+/-1.4) have significantly higher number of diseases than that of the elderly in rural areas(1.6+/-0.9). Arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular and gastric diseases were the most frequently listed chronic diseases in order for both men and women. Anemia and fracture of bone were relatively higher in women than in men. Particularly, the arthritis of the urban elderly have a rate of 1.5 times higher than that of the rural elderly. Fifty-two percent of the elderly were currently using drugs ; among drug users 71.2% used prescription drugs and 20.5% used nonprescription drugs. The average number taken per person was 2.1+/-1.4 and there was no sex or age difference. However, the elderly in rural areas (2.7+/-1.7) consumed a significantly higher number of drugs than those in urban areas(1.7+/-0.7). The average number of prescription drugs taken was 2.0+/-1.4 while the average of nonprescription drugs taken was 1.3+/-0.6. Analgesics and antihypertensive drugs were most commonly used. Vitamin and analgesics were the most frequently used self-prescribed drugs. It was noted that potential adverse drug interaction by concominant drug consumption for arthritis and antihypensive drug, abuse of digestants and antiacid without treatment of the underlying disease, and misuse of quick-acting bowel medications were problematic for the elderly. In addition drugs used for the elderly have some adverse effect on the digestive system. The types and composition of drugs used by the elderly were identified and presented. Medication compliance was poor and 13.5% reported adverse reactions such as edema, heartburn, nausea, and difficulty with eating. Seventeen percent of the elderly obtained drugs arranged by those other than medical staff. Also, even among those elderly who obtained drugs prescribed by a doctor, 69.1% of subjects had not receive instruction about potential adverse reactions. These results suggest that nutritional problems related to drug usage might exist and so dietitians, either individually or as members of health teams, need to have a better understanding of drug-nutrient interaction and closer supervision, and drug information/education service should therefore be provided to prevent or minimize adverse drug reaction in elderly users of medication.
Aged* ; Analgesics ; Anemia ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Arthritis ; Chronic Disease ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Digestive System ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Users ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Eating ; Edema ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Agents ; Heartburn ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Medical Staff ; Medication Adherence ; Nausea ; Nonprescription Drugs ; Nutritional Status* ; Nutritionists ; Occupations ; Organization and Administration ; Prescription Drugs ; Spouses ; Stomach Diseases ; Vitamins

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of drug use & the health-related habits(alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise) on the nutritional status of elderly. subjects were 362 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 131, female 231) in Chungbuk area. Interviews with questionaire on drug use, health-related habits, and nutrient intakes, anthropometric measurement and biochemical blood test were carried out from August to October in 1996. Energy intakes of the males who used drug were lower than those of males who did not use any drug, while energy intakes of the females who used drug were higher than those of females who did not. In biochemical indices, LDL-cholesterol level of the males who used drug was higher than that of males who did not have drug. serum triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol and obesity degree(BMI & TS) of the females who used drug were higher than those of females who did not have drug. Alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise habits of the elderly who used drug had little effects on the nutrient intakes while those habits had considerable effects on biochemical indices and obesity degree. Among drug users, male drinkers showed higher triglycerides & HDL-cholesterol level, and female drinkers showed higher triglycerides and lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level, compared to non drinkers. Among female drug users, smokers showed lower body mass index(BMI) compared to non smokers. Males and females who had both drinking and smoking habits showed higher serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol level. Especially females who had both drinking and smoking habits showed lower BMI & Tricep skinfold thickness compared to those who had netiher drinking nor smoking habits.
Aged* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Cholesterol ; Chungcheongbuk-do* ; Drinking* ; Drug Users ; Female ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Male ; Nutritional Status* ; Obesity ; Skinfold Thickness ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products* ; Triglycerides

We studied sputum eosinophil count of patients with chronic cough. Differential count of sputum cells(simple direct smear with Wright stain) were successfully examined in 44(73%) among 60 patients with chronic cough. The patients were divided according to PC2O value; 20(45%) patients had increased airway hyper responsiveness(AHR) (PC2O < 24mg/ml), remained 24 Patients did not have any evidence of airway AHR. Age, sex, duration and severity of symptoms, serum total IgE and positive skin test reaction were not different between two groups. In patients with increased AHR, increased sputum eosinophil ratio(10%) was found in 11 patients (55%) and increased peripheral blood eosinophil ratio(>5%) was found in 66% of patients with increased AHR. In patients without increased AHR, increased sputum eosinophil ratio was found in three patients(12%) and increased peripheral blood eosinophil ratio was found in 24%. This discrepancy between two groups was statisticalla significant(p<0.01). In regarding to sputum eosinophilia, increased sputum eosinophil ratio was in 14(32%) of 44 patients with chronic cough. Eleven patients(78%) of them had increased AHR. Only nine(30%) among 30 patients without sputum eosinophilia had increased AHR. These discrepancies between two groups were statistically significant(p<0.01). To predict AHR, sputum eosinophilia has 55% of sensitivity and 88% of specificity. Significant positive correlation between peripheral blood eosinophil ratio and sputum eosinophil ratio was found in patients with cough-variant asthma (r=0.76, p<0.01), We suggest that simple direct smear for sputum eosinophil count could be an useful test to diagnose the patients with chronic cough.
Asthma ; Cough* ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin Tests ; Sputum*

The influences of depression and health anxieth on the elderly's drug use and nutritional status were evaluated by interviews with questionaire from August to October in 1996. One hundred and thirty-one male and 231 female elderly in Chung-buk area were the sample for this study. Men's depression score was 22.3 and 25.2 for women, respectively out of 27. Women showed a significantly higher score for depression and health anxiety than men. Gender, age, marital status, number of family, education, income, medical insurance, and mobility and region significantly affected the health anxiety score. The higher depression score the elderly had, the more frequently they took drugs. Conversely. the higher depression score the elderly had, the less frequently they took nutritional supplements. For women, the higher depression score the elderly had, the more they smoked. More depressed elderly showed a significantly smaller BMI compared to the less depressed ones. A negative correlationship existed between the depression score and the elderly's nutrient intakes, especially energy intake which showed a significant negative correlation. There were no significant differences between health anxiety score and nutrient intakes of men. Women who had a higher health anxiety score consumed more energy significantly. The depression score did not affect the elderly's blood biochemical indices. Women who had a low health anxiety score showed a significantly higher HDL-C level.
Aged* ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Education ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance ; Male ; Marital Status ; Nutritional Status* ; Smoke

PURPOSE: To evaluate anatomic variations and pitfalls of the labral-capsular-ligamentous complex in the shoulder joint for the proper interpretation of magnetic reasonance arthrographic images. MATERIALS AND METHODS:To determine the presence of sublabral sulci, undercutting of the base of the glenoid labrum by the articular cartilage, and the proximity of the middle glenohumeral ligament to the anterior glenoid labrum, 56 MR arthrograms of 41 asymptomatic volunteers were prospectively evalvated for labral shape and capsular insertion. We also evaluated the axillary fold, which was often confused with a loose body. RESULTS: The anterior and posterior parts of the labra, varied but their shape showed several dominant features; triangular(72%, 36%, respectively), rounded(13%, 35%), cleaved(8%, 1%), notched(2%, 0%), flat(5%, 24%), and absent(0%, 4%). Anterior capsular insertion was type 1 in 82% of cases, type 2 in 13% and type 3 in 5%, whereas posterior insertion was type 1 in 62%, type 2 in 36% and type 3 in 2%. We could also detect many pitfalls, such as undercutting of the base of theglenoid labrum by the articular cartilage(29%), sublabral sulci(25%), a prominent axillary fold(38%), and the middle glenohumeral ligament in proximity to the anterior labrum(5%). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed wide variability in the MR arthrographic appearance of the labral-capsular-ligamentous complex in asymptomatic shoulders. A good understanding of normal variation and pitfalls of the normal shoulder may be helpful pathologic condition in case of glenouhumeral instability.
Arthrography* ; Cartilage, Articular ; Ligaments ; Prospective Studies ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Joint ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the of laughter therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress among patients underwent radiotherapy. METHODS: Participants in the study were comprised of 60 breast cancer outpatients who received radiotherapy. Thirty-one of the patients were assigned in the experimental group and the other 29 patients made up the control group. Laughter therapy was consisted of the delivery of information and active motion resulting in laughter. We provided laughter therapy 4 times for 2 weeks. Each session lasted 60 min. The experimental group received laughter therapy intervention as a group. An average attendance frequency per person was 2.7. To evaluate the effect of laughter therapy, the degrees of depression and anxiety were measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) and stress was measured by the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI). Data analysis included a 2-test, t-test, and Fisher's exact test using SPSS 12.0 and SAS 8.0. RESULTS: There was significant decrease in the degrees of depression, anxiety, and stress in the experimental group compared to those in the control group (p<.01, p=.04, and p<.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that laughter therapy is an effective intervention in improving depression, anxiety, and stress in breast cancer patients.
Anxiety ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Depression ; Humans ; Laughter ; Laughter Therapy ; Outpatients ; Phenothiazines ; Statistics as Topic

Purpose: In periprosthetic osteolysis, cytokines, which are secreted from macrophages by the stimulation of particles, up-regulate the signaling for osteoclast activation through RANKL (Receptor activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand). This study compared the reaction to the particles and RANKL in the macrophages by examining the changes in the pro-inflammatory signals. In addition, because erythromycin has an anti-inflammatory effect, the effect of erythromycin on the pro-inflammatory signals by particles and RANKL was also analyzed to clarify the mechanism for the anti-resorptive effect with particles. Materials and Methods: The Raw 264.7 cell line (murine macrophage cell line) was used for these experiments. The particles were made from PMMA (poly-methyl-meth-acrylate) and UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) to enhance their stimulatory effects. Under the same culture conditions used for macrophages, the cells were treated with either particles or RANKL. The differences in the production of TNF-α, activities of MAP kinase, I-κB and reactive oxygen species (ROS) between the particle and RANKL treated macrophages were examined. The influence of erythromycin on these models was also observed. Results: Erythromycin inhibited ERK and p38 phosphorylation in both models, and suppressed the increase in H2O2 production in the particle-treated macrophages. However, erythromycin inhibited neither the production of TNF- in both models nor the production of H2O2 in the RANKL-treated macrophages. In addition, erythromycin reversed the suppression of I-κB by the particles. Conclusion: For the response of macrophages, erythromycin mainly suppresses the particle induced ROS and NF-κB activation compared with RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis signaling. Erythromycin might suppress particle-induced osteolysis through these anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, further studies on the downstream signals of osteoclastogenesis will be needed.
Cell Line ; Cytokines ; Erythromycin* ; Macrophages ; Molecular Weight ; Osteoclasts ; Osteolysis ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Reactive Oxygen Species

BACKGROUND: Due to a reduction in the number of parasite infections, attention paid to the importance of intestinal parasites has decreased. However, intestinal parasite infections remain ubiquitous and have reappeared as a growing problem in recent decades due to changing lifestyles such as increased overseas travel. In this study, we evaluated trends in intestinal parasite infection using stool examination in a single institute. METHODS: From January 2003 to December 2012, we reviewed all stool examination results performed at Samsung Medical Center. Fecal examinations were performed by formalin-ether sedimentation. RESULTS: A total 429,866 stool examinations were performed resulting in 14,672 cases with positive findings of helminth eggs or protozoan cysts, of which the positive rate was 3.41% on average. The annual positive rate decreased from 5.68% in 2003 to 2.43% in 2012. The positive rate of intestinal parasites, excepting Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli, was 1.52% on average. Positive rates decreased from 2.13% to 1.10% for helminth egg detections and from 2.55% to 1.30% for protozoan cyst detections during the same time period. Among nematodes, Trichuris tricuria was the most common and had an increasing positive rate after 2010. Clonorchis sinensis was the most prevalent trematode parasite, with an annual average of 528 cases. CONCLUSION: Infection rates of intestinal parasites have decreased over the last 10 years. However, Trichuris tricuria has reappeared and has become a major contributor to parasite infections. Further education and control efforts are needed for greater prevention and eventual eradication of parasitic infections.
Clonorchis sinensis ; Eggs ; Endolimax ; Entamoeba ; Helminths ; Korea ; Life Style ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Trichuris

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is considered the gold standard for the measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE), which serves to estimate energy requirements. This study evaluated the accuracy of predictive dietary reference intake (DRI) equations for determining the estimated energy requirements (EER) of Korean adults by using the DLW as a reference method. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Seventy-one participants (35 men and 36 women) aged between 20 and 49 years were included in the study. The subjects' EER, calculated by using the DRI equation (EER(DRI)), was compared with their TEE measured by the DLW method (TEE(DLW)). RESULTS: The DRI equations for EER underestimated TEE by -36.3 kcal/day (-1.3%) in men and -104.5 kcal/day (-4.9%) in women. The percentages of accurate predictions among subjects were 77.1% in men and 62.9% in women. There was a strong linear correlation between EER(DRI) and TEE(DLW) (r=0.783, P<0.001 in men and r=0.810, P<0.001 in women). CONCLUSIONS: The present study supports the use of DRI prediction equations to determine EER in Korean adults. More studies are needed to confirm our results and to assess the validity of these equations in other population groups, including children, adolescents, and older adults.
Adolescent ; Adult* ; Child ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methods* ; Nutritional Requirements ; Population Groups ; Recommended Dietary Allowances* ; Water*