The purpose of this study was to develop a nutrition education website for children, especially those around the 4th-6th grade levels. Among the already existing websites providing nutritional information for children, 7 websites with comparable amounts of information were evaluated in terms of their topics, credibility, content, ease of use, and aesthetics. In addition, a survey was conducted to assess the need for nutrition information among 305 elementary students. The food pyramid was the topic offered most often on those websites. Information on nutrients, digestion, food safety, nutrition labeling, and healthy eating habits were available on the websites. Some of those websites also provided games or quizzes to attract the children's interest. However, seine of the websites did not give any information on the person responsible for providing the information, which is most important in determining the credibility of the website. Other problems were that some information was too difficult for children, and some of the websites did not provide a way to search for information. According to the survey results, the topics that children wanted to know about were 'desirable weight', 'cooking', 'correct food choice', 'weight control method', 'calories consumed during exercise' but, they did not have a high interest in 'asking questions', 'books with nutrition messages', 'under weight', 'negative effect of weight control' and 'helping hungry children'. Based on these results, we developed a new nutrition education web-site, ifood' (http://ifood.or.kr). We focused on helping children develop healthy eating habits by providing information which is easy and practical for children. However, we neither included the program to assess their dietary intake, nor provided entertaining background sounds, which children like. Also, the game section is composed mainly of quizzes. Therefore, we need to further develop exciting games to teach nutrition to children. In the near future, the newly developed website should be evaluated by children regarding understandability and coverage of the contents as well as usability and design, and then revised to improve the educational effect.
Child* ; Digestion ; Eating ; Education* ; Esthetics ; Food Labeling ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Internet

The cryoballoon was invented to achieve circumferential pulmonary vein isolation more efficiently to compliment the shortcomings of point-by-point ablation by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Its efficacy and safety were shown to be comparable to those of RFA, and the clinical outcomes have improved with the second-generation cryoballoon. The basic biophysics, implemental techniques, procedural recommendations, clinical outcomes, and complications of the cryoballoon are presented in this practical and systematic review.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Biophysics ; Catheter Ablation ; Cryosurgery ; Pulmonary Veins

The cryoballoon was invented to achieve circumferential pulmonary vein isolation more efficiently to compliment the shortcomings of point-by-point ablation by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Its efficacy and safety were shown to be comparable to those of RFA, and the clinical outcomes have improved with the second-generation cryoballoon. The basic biophysics, implemental techniques, procedural recommendations, clinical outcomes, and complications of the cryoballoon are presented in this practical and systematic review.

We report a rare case of delayed cement displacement after balloon kyphoplasty in patient with Kummell's desease. A 78-year-old woman with Kummell's desease at T12 level received percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty. Two months after surgery, the patient complained of progressive severe back pain. Computed tomographic scans revealed a breakdown of the anterior cortex and anterior displacement of bone cement. Although this complication is very rare, it is likely to occur in treatment of Kummell's desease accompanying anterior cortical defect.
Aged ; Back Pain ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Kyphoplasty

PURPOSE: The study was to explore the level of low back pain and characteristic factors influencing low back pain (LBP) and mental health during pregnancy. METHODS: The subjects were a total of 383 healthy pregnant women in S City and K-Do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: 82.5% of the pregnant women answered the existence of LBP and 19.7% of them had high LBP. The preferred method of controlling LBP was 'Just endure' (42.3%). There were significant differences in pregnancy level (p < .05) and discomfort condition related to pregnancy (p < .01) according to low back pain. There were significant differences in pain intensity according to mental health. The correlation between pain level and pregnancy weeks (p < .001) and BMI in previous pregnancy (p < .001) was significant. The correlation between mental health and age was significant (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The majority of the pregnant women experienced LBP during pregnancy. However, they were not offered the best method of controlling the pain. Thus, for preventing LBP during pregnancy, we recommend regular exercises and BMI control.
Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Low Back Pain* ; Mental Health* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women*

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to explore body-shape satisfaction and adjustment functions in 410 adolescent school girls. METHODS: After underweight, normal-weight and overweight groups were identified among 410 high school girls according to BMI(body mass index), we compared current weight & height, ideal weight & height, subtracted value of ideal weight from current weight, subtracted value of ideal height from current height, subtracted value of ideal BMI from current BMI, weight dissatisfaction, height dissatisfaction,body-shape dissatisfaction,and EAT-26(Eating attitude Test-26),OSIQ(Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for Adolescents), STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory),BDI(Beck Depression Inventory),BITE(Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh) among the three group. RESULTS: 1) The subjects consisted with overweight group(BMI > 25,N=27,6.6%), normal-weight group(19< or = BMI < or =25,N=278,67.8%),and underweight group(BMI<19, N=105, 25.6%). 2) In comparison to other groups, overweight group was significantly different in subtracted value of ideal weight from current weight and subtracted value of ideal height from current height. These results suggest that overweight group wants greater body-shape change than other groups. Overweight group was significantly shorter in height than underweight group there were no significant differences in ideal height among the groups. 3) Overweight group and normal-weight group showed significantly highter weight dissatisfaction than underweight group. There were no significant differences in height dissatisfaction and body-shape dissatisfaction among the three groups. All groups showed higher weight, height dissatisfaction and body-shape dissatisfaction except higher weight dissatisfaction in underweight group. 4) In comparison of overweignt group with other groups by mean difference of each scale, there was significant difference in superior adjustment subscale of the OSIQ and symptom subscale of the BITE between overweight group and other groups. There was also significant difference in symptom severity subscale of the BITE between overweight and underweight groups. There was no significant difference in EAT-26,STAI,BDI,other subscales of OSIQ among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The distribution rate of overweight group was lower than in western studies. 2) These results suggest that overweight group wants greater body-shape change than other groups, and overweight group may have binge-eating behavior and poor coping system.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Female* ; Humans ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thinness

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adefovir dipivoxil (adefovir) effectively inhibits both wild-type and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. The development of adefovir resistance is both delayed and infrequent compared with lamivudine resistance. The aim of this study was to characterize the serologic, biochemical, and virologic response to adefovir, and to explore the factors affecting initial virologic response (IVR, defined as a decrease in serum HBV below 4 log10copies/mL after 6 month of treatment) and adefovir resistance in lamivudine resistant HBV-infected patients. METHODS: This study population comprised 76 patients with lamivudine-resistance who had received adefovir for more than 12 months between March 2004 and December 2006. The adefovir-resistant mutant was assayed at 6 months and 12 months during adefovir administration. Restriction-fragment mass polymorphism analysis was used for detecting YMDD and adefovir mutants. RESULTS: After adefovir administration, an IVR was observed in 31% of the patients with lamivudine resistance. Factors associated with an IVR were HBeAg negativity (P=0.04) and the presence of liver cirrhosis (P=0.04). Age, sex, pretreatment levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, pretreatment HBV DNA levels, presence of precore mutation, and type of YMDD mutants were not related to an IVR during adefovir treatment. The prevalence of adefovir resistance was 5% and 13% at 6 months and 12 months after therapy, respectively. Mixed infection of the precore mutant was a risk factors for the emergence of adefovir resistance (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lamivudine-resistant HBV patients exhibiting HBeAg negativity and liver cirrhosis were more likely to achieve an IVR after adefovir therapy. Adefovir resistance was associated with mixed infection of the precore mutant.
Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adult ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/metabolism ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy/virology ; Humans ; Lamivudine/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Phosphonic Acids/*therapeutic use ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

The authors reviewed 102 cases of craniopharyngiomas with primary onset, which had occurred during a recent 15-year period. Among the 42 women and 60 men, 34 patients were children(aged 15 or less) and 68 were adults. The children showed clinical characteristics different from those of adults. With regard to initial presentation, headache was the most frequent chief complaint in children, while visual disturbance was most common in adults. The incidence of growth hormone deficiency was high in children, while in adults, adrenal corticosteroid deficit was most common. As seen on CT or MRI, the tumor was larger and calcification was more abundant in children than in adults. Gross total resection(GTR) was achieved in 46 cases. The main causes for incomplete removal were severe adhesion to the hypothalamus(31.3%) and the midbrain(18.8%), and heavy calcification(20.8%). The extent of surgery showed no significant influence on the Karnofsky Performance Score(KPS) on discharge, and in 82.4% of patients the results were good(KPS 80 or more). Postoperative endocrinological disturbances requiring hormonal replacement therapy were more common in the GTR group(p<0.01). In 22 recurrent cases, the median time from initial operation to recurrence was 18.5 months. Among patients who did not undergo postoperative radiation therapy, the recurrence rate was lower in those who had undergone GTR(p<0.05). An analysis of histological characteristics revealed that the adamantinomatous-type tumor recurred more frequently than the squamous papillary type. In conclusion, it is suggested that there is a difference in the growth pattern and clinical behavior of the tumor between adult and childhood craniopharyngioma. The authors recommend that unless expected postsurgical complications are detrimental to the patients, radical total resection should be attempted during the first operation, especially in patients who are under 15 and whose craniopharyngioma is of the adamantinomatous type. Radiation therapy should be considered for patients with a residual tumor and the treatment should be tailored to the individual.
Adult ; Child ; Craniopharyngioma* ; Female ; Growth Hormone ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It is well known that N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine(BOP)-induced pancreas cancer and cholangiocarcinoma in Syrian hamster is similar to that of humans in morphological, biological and immunological aspects. The cyclic administration of BOP and ethionine, choline-deficient diet and methionine is known to rapidly induce the ductal type of carcinoma in pancreas and bile duct. Authors studied whether the rapid production of this cancer can occur in Syrian hamster and what its features are. METHODS: Sixteen Syrian hamsters aged 6-7 weeks and weighing 100 gm were used. All hamsters received 70 mg/kg body weight of BOP followed by three cycles of dl-ethionine, choline-deficient diet, l-methionine and 20mg/kg BOP. Hamsters were killed 9, 10 and 11 weeks after the beginning of the experiment and their gross and histologic features were observed. RESULTS: Nine cases, killed withan 10weeks after the begining of experiment, showed no development of cancer. Of seven Syrian hamsters, killed more than 10weeks after the begining of experiment, the incidences of BOP-induced cancer included one case(14.3%) of pancreas cancer and five cholangiocarcinomas( 71.4%). The morphological change of pancreas carcinogenesis was shown at first in cell mitosis and atypia(6 weeks) and then in atypical ductal hyperplasia(9 weeks) and carcinoma in situ(10 weeks). The change in cholangiocarcinoma, first progressed with ductular proliferation and surrounding fibrosis(6 weeks) followed by focal cholangiocarcinoma(10 weeks) and multiple invasive cholangiocarcinomas( 11 weeks). CONCLUSION: Pancreas cancer and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas can be induced rapidly within 10 weeks by cyclic injections of carcinogens in Syrian hamsters initiated with Nnitrosobis( 2-oxopropyl)amine and the morphologic changes can be observed.
Animals ; Bile Ducts ; Body Weight ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinogens* ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Cricetinae* ; Diet ; Ethionine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mesocricetus ; Methionine ; Mitosis ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: Most patients wear cervical braces regardless of any anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) technique for cervical disc herniation, even in the plating. We compared clinical and radiological results in patients with cervical disc herniations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plate insertion during ACDF and determine if this could eliminate the need for external cervical braces after ACDF. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated 67 patients treated for single level cervical disc herniation with radiculopathy. The patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients treated with ACDF using a Solis(R) cage with plating who did not wear a cervical brace after the operation (Group I: Plated group), and 37 patients treated with ACDF using a Solis(R) cage without plating who wore a cervical brace for 3 months (Group II: Non-plated group). Clinical outcomes were assessed using the neck disability index (NDI), and visual analogue scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain at different times after the surgery. In addition, modified MacNab's grading criteria were used to assess the subjective patients' outcome at the last follow-up. Fusion was assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months after the surgery using upright AP, lateral, and flexion-extension views. RESULTS: Excellent or good results were achieved in the most patients from both groups. Patients in both groups showed marked pain relief in terms of neck and arm pain scores over all time intervals. The NDI scores in both groups significantly improved when compared to preoperative scores; however, at 1 and 2 months after the surgery, patients in Group I (Plated group) had significantly better NDI scores compared to Group II (Non-plated group). Higher rates of fusion were reported in Group I over all time intervals although none of these were statistically significant. There were two patients who required second surgery for cage subsidence in Group II. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that anterior cervical fusion with plating for cervical radiculopathy is a safe and effective treatment which can eliminate unnecessary need for an external cervical brace.
Arm ; Braces ; Diskectomy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neck ; Radiculopathy