The purpose of this study was to develop a nutrition education website for children, especially those around the 4th-6th grade levels. Among the already existing websites providing nutritional information for children, 7 websites with comparable amounts of information were evaluated in terms of their topics, credibility, content, ease of use, and aesthetics. In addition, a survey was conducted to assess the need for nutrition information among 305 elementary students. The food pyramid was the topic offered most often on those websites. Information on nutrients, digestion, food safety, nutrition labeling, and healthy eating habits were available on the websites. Some of those websites also provided games or quizzes to attract the children's interest. However, seine of the websites did not give any information on the person responsible for providing the information, which is most important in determining the credibility of the website. Other problems were that some information was too difficult for children, and some of the websites did not provide a way to search for information. According to the survey results, the topics that children wanted to know about were 'desirable weight', 'cooking', 'correct food choice', 'weight control method', 'calories consumed during exercise' but, they did not have a high interest in 'asking questions', 'books with nutrition messages', 'under weight', 'negative effect of weight control' and 'helping hungry children'. Based on these results, we developed a new nutrition education web-site, ifood' (http://ifood.or.kr). We focused on helping children develop healthy eating habits by providing information which is easy and practical for children. However, we neither included the program to assess their dietary intake, nor provided entertaining background sounds, which children like. Also, the game section is composed mainly of quizzes. Therefore, we need to further develop exciting games to teach nutrition to children. In the near future, the newly developed website should be evaluated by children regarding understandability and coverage of the contents as well as usability and design, and then revised to improve the educational effect.
Child* ; Digestion ; Eating ; Education* ; Esthetics ; Food Labeling ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Internet

The cryoballoon was invented to achieve circumferential pulmonary vein isolation more efficiently to compliment the shortcomings of point-by-point ablation by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Its efficacy and safety were shown to be comparable to those of RFA, and the clinical outcomes have improved with the second-generation cryoballoon. The basic biophysics, implemental techniques, procedural recommendations, clinical outcomes, and complications of the cryoballoon are presented in this practical and systematic review.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Biophysics ; Catheter Ablation ; Cryosurgery ; Pulmonary Veins

The cryoballoon was invented to achieve circumferential pulmonary vein isolation more efficiently to compliment the shortcomings of point-by-point ablation by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Its efficacy and safety were shown to be comparable to those of RFA, and the clinical outcomes have improved with the second-generation cryoballoon. The basic biophysics, implemental techniques, procedural recommendations, clinical outcomes, and complications of the cryoballoon are presented in this practical and systematic review.

We report a rare case of delayed cement displacement after balloon kyphoplasty in patient with Kummell's desease. A 78-year-old woman with Kummell's desease at T12 level received percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty. Two months after surgery, the patient complained of progressive severe back pain. Computed tomographic scans revealed a breakdown of the anterior cortex and anterior displacement of bone cement. Although this complication is very rare, it is likely to occur in treatment of Kummell's desease accompanying anterior cortical defect.
Aged ; Back Pain ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Kyphoplasty

PURPOSE: The study was to explore the level of low back pain and characteristic factors influencing low back pain (LBP) and mental health during pregnancy. METHODS: The subjects were a total of 383 healthy pregnant women in S City and K-Do. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: 82.5% of the pregnant women answered the existence of LBP and 19.7% of them had high LBP. The preferred method of controlling LBP was 'Just endure' (42.3%). There were significant differences in pregnancy level (p < .05) and discomfort condition related to pregnancy (p < .01) according to low back pain. There were significant differences in pain intensity according to mental health. The correlation between pain level and pregnancy weeks (p < .001) and BMI in previous pregnancy (p < .001) was significant. The correlation between mental health and age was significant (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The majority of the pregnant women experienced LBP during pregnancy. However, they were not offered the best method of controlling the pain. Thus, for preventing LBP during pregnancy, we recommend regular exercises and BMI control.
Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Low Back Pain* ; Mental Health* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women*

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to explore body-shape satisfaction and adjustment functions in 410 adolescent school girls. METHODS: After underweight, normal-weight and overweight groups were identified among 410 high school girls according to BMI(body mass index), we compared current weight & height, ideal weight & height, subtracted value of ideal weight from current weight, subtracted value of ideal height from current height, subtracted value of ideal BMI from current BMI, weight dissatisfaction, height dissatisfaction,body-shape dissatisfaction,and EAT-26(Eating attitude Test-26),OSIQ(Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for Adolescents), STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory),BDI(Beck Depression Inventory),BITE(Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh) among the three group. RESULTS: 1) The subjects consisted with overweight group(BMI > 25,N=27,6.6%), normal-weight group(19< or = BMI < or =25,N=278,67.8%),and underweight group(BMI<19, N=105, 25.6%). 2) In comparison to other groups, overweight group was significantly different in subtracted value of ideal weight from current weight and subtracted value of ideal height from current height. These results suggest that overweight group wants greater body-shape change than other groups. Overweight group was significantly shorter in height than underweight group there were no significant differences in ideal height among the groups. 3) Overweight group and normal-weight group showed significantly highter weight dissatisfaction than underweight group. There were no significant differences in height dissatisfaction and body-shape dissatisfaction among the three groups. All groups showed higher weight, height dissatisfaction and body-shape dissatisfaction except higher weight dissatisfaction in underweight group. 4) In comparison of overweignt group with other groups by mean difference of each scale, there was significant difference in superior adjustment subscale of the OSIQ and symptom subscale of the BITE between overweight group and other groups. There was also significant difference in symptom severity subscale of the BITE between overweight and underweight groups. There was no significant difference in EAT-26,STAI,BDI,other subscales of OSIQ among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The distribution rate of overweight group was lower than in western studies. 2) These results suggest that overweight group wants greater body-shape change than other groups, and overweight group may have binge-eating behavior and poor coping system.
Adolescent* ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Female* ; Humans ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thinness

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adefovir dipivoxil (adefovir) effectively inhibits both wild-type and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. The development of adefovir resistance is both delayed and infrequent compared with lamivudine resistance. The aim of this study was to characterize the serologic, biochemical, and virologic response to adefovir, and to explore the factors affecting initial virologic response (IVR, defined as a decrease in serum HBV below 4 log10copies/mL after 6 month of treatment) and adefovir resistance in lamivudine resistant HBV-infected patients. METHODS: This study population comprised 76 patients with lamivudine-resistance who had received adefovir for more than 12 months between March 2004 and December 2006. The adefovir-resistant mutant was assayed at 6 months and 12 months during adefovir administration. Restriction-fragment mass polymorphism analysis was used for detecting YMDD and adefovir mutants. RESULTS: After adefovir administration, an IVR was observed in 31% of the patients with lamivudine resistance. Factors associated with an IVR were HBeAg negativity (P=0.04) and the presence of liver cirrhosis (P=0.04). Age, sex, pretreatment levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, pretreatment HBV DNA levels, presence of precore mutation, and type of YMDD mutants were not related to an IVR during adefovir treatment. The prevalence of adefovir resistance was 5% and 13% at 6 months and 12 months after therapy, respectively. Mixed infection of the precore mutant was a risk factors for the emergence of adefovir resistance (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lamivudine-resistant HBV patients exhibiting HBeAg negativity and liver cirrhosis were more likely to achieve an IVR after adefovir therapy. Adefovir resistance was associated with mixed infection of the precore mutant.
Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adult ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/metabolism ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy/virology ; Humans ; Lamivudine/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Phosphonic Acids/*therapeutic use ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

The authors reviewed 102 cases of craniopharyngiomas with primary onset, which had occurred during a recent 15-year period. Among the 42 women and 60 men, 34 patients were children(aged 15 or less) and 68 were adults. The children showed clinical characteristics different from those of adults. With regard to initial presentation, headache was the most frequent chief complaint in children, while visual disturbance was most common in adults. The incidence of growth hormone deficiency was high in children, while in adults, adrenal corticosteroid deficit was most common. As seen on CT or MRI, the tumor was larger and calcification was more abundant in children than in adults. Gross total resection(GTR) was achieved in 46 cases. The main causes for incomplete removal were severe adhesion to the hypothalamus(31.3%) and the midbrain(18.8%), and heavy calcification(20.8%). The extent of surgery showed no significant influence on the Karnofsky Performance Score(KPS) on discharge, and in 82.4% of patients the results were good(KPS 80 or more). Postoperative endocrinological disturbances requiring hormonal replacement therapy were more common in the GTR group(p<0.01). In 22 recurrent cases, the median time from initial operation to recurrence was 18.5 months. Among patients who did not undergo postoperative radiation therapy, the recurrence rate was lower in those who had undergone GTR(p<0.05). An analysis of histological characteristics revealed that the adamantinomatous-type tumor recurred more frequently than the squamous papillary type. In conclusion, it is suggested that there is a difference in the growth pattern and clinical behavior of the tumor between adult and childhood craniopharyngioma. The authors recommend that unless expected postsurgical complications are detrimental to the patients, radical total resection should be attempted during the first operation, especially in patients who are under 15 and whose craniopharyngioma is of the adamantinomatous type. Radiation therapy should be considered for patients with a residual tumor and the treatment should be tailored to the individual.
Adult ; Child ; Craniopharyngioma* ; Female ; Growth Hormone ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Recurrence

Congenital anomalies occur in 2-3% of neonates and have unknown and variable causes. It's occurance rate is higher in twin gestations than in singleton gestations, especially in monozygotic twins. In most cases of twin anomalies, one fetus is normal and the other fetus is not. When an anomaly is found in one fetus, various tests, such as chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and umbilical cord aspiration are strongly recommended in high risk groups of chromosmal anomaly for accurate diagnosis and proper treatments. A case of congenital anomalies in both twins diagnosed in a 35 year old multiparous woman is presented with brief review of literatures.
Adult ; Amniocentesis ; Anencephaly ; Chorionic Villi Sampling ; Diagnosis ; Down Syndrome ; Female ; Fetus ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Twins* ; Twins, Monozygotic ; Umbilical Cord

PURPOSE: The clinical value of macrocalcifications as an indicator that predicts malignancy of thyroid nodules is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate additional ultrasonographic findings accompanying macrocalcifications for predicting malignancies in thyroid nodules. METHODS: Between January 2005 and April 2008, 315 patients who had thyroid nodules with FNAB resulting in suspicious malignancies underwent thyroidectomy at the Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital. Three hundred fifteen nodules, which were confirmed to be papillary thyroid carcinoma, and 192 nodules, which were confirmed to be benign, were reviewed retrospectively. We analyzed the malignancy rates according to calcification patterns and US findings of the associated solid nodules. RESULTS: Among the 165 papillary thyroid carcinomas with microcalcifications, 161 accompanied solid nodules, and 4 were found with microcalcifications, but without solid nodules. Of the 161 papillary thyroid carcinomas with microcalcifications and solid nodules, 85.7% showed signs suggestive of malignancy. The remaining 14.3%, where only microcalcifications were present, showed indications of predicting malignancy. When solid nodules were found with macrocalcifications, there were indicators of predicting malignancy (100%). Also, for situations in which benign nodules were accompanied by solid nodules, 29% had signs of predicting malignancy. For situations in which benign nodules did not accompany solid nodules, 21% showed suspicious signs of predicting malignancy, but were all confirmed as benign. CONCLUSION: CFor nodules that accompany microcalcifications, there can be indicators that predict malignant conditions separate from other opinions that accompany microcalcifications. However, for macrocalcifications, it would be more effective to set up future treatment plans based on ultrasonographic features of solid nodules accompanying calcifications rather than the calcification itself.
Humans ; Protestantism ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroid Nodule* ; Thyroidectomy ; Ultrasonography