PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the process of overcoming the intention toward turnover experienced by career nurses. METHODS: Data were collected from 10 career nurses though in-depth interviews about their experiences. The main question was "How do you describe your experience of the process of overcoming intention to turnover as a career nurse?" Qualitative data from field and transcribed notes were analyzed using Strauss & Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: From the participants' statement, 127 concepts, 34 subcategories and 13 categories were extracted through the open coding process. The core category was discovered to be 'back to the original place'. Phenomenon was identified as 'reached the threshold that cannot be withstood' and this series of process was categorized as having four stages: 'conflict', 'meditation', 'discovery' and 'conquest'. There were three types of overcoming turnover intention in career nurses, 'adjustment', 'compromise', 'self-led'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study produced useful information about the needs of career nurses during the process of overcoming turnover intention based on their stage and overcoming types of turnover intension. Ultimately this study may help decrease the turnover intention of career nurses.
Clinical Coding ; Intention

OBJECTIVE: Lectins are cell-agglutinating and sugar specific proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin that precipitate glycoconjugates having saccharides of appropriate complementarity. Because of these properties, plant lectins have been used to help characterize the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida (ZP) of several mammalian species including pigs. Treatment of oocytes with various lectins blocks sperm binding to the ZP in various mammalian species. This study was undertaken to examine the distribution of sugar residues in the ZP of pig oocytes matured in vitro and the ability of spermatozoa to bind to ZP and in vitro penetration in oocytes treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lectins of Banderiaea simplicifolia (BS-II, bind to beta-D-Nacetylglucosamine), Canavalin ensiformis (Con A, bind to alpha-D-Mannose), Lens culinaris (LCA, bind to alpha-D-Mannose), Ricinus communis (RCA-I, bind to beta-D-Galactose) and Ulex europaeus (UEA-I, bind to alpha-L-Fucose) were examined for spermatozoa penetration, binding capacity to ZP and distribution of lectins. RESULTS: The penetration rates were significantry (p<0.05) higher in control oocytes (63%) than those treated with all lectins, but penetration rates (40~49%) were simililar in group treated with lectins. The incidence of monospermy was similar in oocytes untreated and UEA-I, but it was higher in oocytes treated with BS-II, Con A, RCA-I and LCA. The porcine oocytes cultured for 48 h in TC-199 medium were freed from cumulus cells and treated for 30 min with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled lectins. When examined under fluorescein illumination, higher (p<0.001) proportions of oocytes showed fluorescein of zona pellucida after treatment with Con A (93%), LCA (93%) and RCA-I (100%) than BS-II (37%) and UEA-I (50%). All of the oocytes treated with RCA-I exhibited strong fluorescein in the outer region of the zona pellucida while those treated with LCA exhibited strong fluorescein throughout the zona pellucida. BS-II bounded mainly to the outer region and UEA-I bounded mainly to the inner region of the zona pellucida, with either strong or weak fluorescein. At 120 min after insemination in vitro, fewer spermatozoa were bound to the zona pellucida of the oocytes treated with BS-II, Con-A and RCA-I. Of the lectins, Con A most inhibited sperm binding. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that beta-D-Galactose residues in the porcine zona pellucida may act as primary sperm receptors and inducers of the sperm acrosome reaction and these sugar residues may be involved in the block to polyspermy.
Acrosome Reaction ; Cumulus Cells ; Fluorescein ; Glycoconjugates ; Glycoproteins ; Herpes Zoster* ; Incidence ; Insemination ; Lectins* ; Lens Plant ; Lighting ; Oocytes ; Plant Lectins ; Ricinus ; Sperm-Ovum Interactions ; Spermatozoa ; Swine ; Ulex ; Zona Pellucida*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the regional differences in food preference among college students participating in a nutrition education program via internet. The subjects were 1672 college students (male: 762, female: 910) and divided into 4 regional groups. A survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire on taste and food preferences. Data was collected via internet or by mail. Prevalence of the food preferences among regional groups was examined using SPSS statistical package. Food preferences were significantly associated with sex and region. Female students in Chungcheong and Kyungsang areas showed significantly higher preference of the hot taste compared to Seoul and Kyunggi areas. Female students in Seoul, Kyunggi and Chungcheong areas showed significantly higher preference of the boiled bean rice compared to the Kyungsang area. The preference for Kimchi stew of female students in Seoul and Kyunggi was significantly higher than those in Chungcheong and Kyungsang areas. Male students in the Chungcheong area showed significantly higher preferences of the Young radish kimchi, while female students in this area showed significantly higher preference of the Radish kimchi compared to other areas. The preference for roasted laver of female students in Seoul, Kyunggi and Kyungsang areas was significantly higher compared to the Chungcheong area. The preference for fried chicken of male students in Seoul was significantly higher than that in other areas. The preference for bean sprouts and season bonnet bellflower of male students in Seoul, Chungcheong and Kyungsang areas were significantly higher compared to the Kyunggi area. Therefore, these results provide nation-wide information on food preferences among Korean college students.
Chickens ; Codonopsis ; Education* ; Female ; Food Preferences* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Internet* ; Male ; Postal Service ; Prevalence ; Raphanus ; Seasons ; Seoul

This study was done to evaluate the effect reducing artificial dead space on intubated children. Data were collected from July 1st, 1998 to August 31st, 1999. The subjects were selected from a pediatric intensive care unit of 'S' hospital and intubated with 3.5 mm or 4.5 mm endotracheal tube after open heart surgery. They were composed of 34 patients : 17 patients were assigned to the experimental group and the rest of them were placed in the control group. The artificial airway volume was minimized in the experimental group, and the control group maintained the artificial airway volume. ETCO2, PaCO2, SPO2 were measured as indicators of pulmonary ventilation. The tools of this study were GEM-Premier and Space-Lab patient monitors. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC+ program. The Chi2 -test was used to find general characteristics. The t-test was used to test the homogenety of the pulmonary ventilation status and mechanical ventilation setting before intervention between the two groups. Also, the paired t-test was used to examine the hypothesis. The results can be summerized as : 1. CO2 can be expelled effectively from the body in case artificial dead space was decreased. 2. As the artificial dead space was reduced, the difference between ETCO2 and PaCO2 was decreased, in other words pulmonary ventilation was improved. 3. If the artificial dead space occupied above 15 percent of tidal volume, the effect of CO2 was retention revealed in the body. 4. If the artificial dead space occupied below 1.5 percent of tidal volume, there was no dead space effect. Based on the results, the following is suggested to be applied practically : 1. A kind of the ventilator circuit acting artificial dead space should be removed from the intubated children with mechanical ventilaion. 2. The endotracheal tube should not be cut because extra-body space of the endotracheal tube did not have an effect on the dead space of the intubated children. Since the researcher could not cover this aspect in the study, they recommend the following. 1. The study should be extended to the other pulmonary disease patients for the effect of improving pulmonary ventilation. 2. Also, further studying with a more narrow interval in the extra-body space of the artificial airway will be able to explain the point of artificial dead space with proper ventilation.
Child* ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Lung Diseases ; Pulmonary Ventilation* ; Respiration, Artificial* ; Thoracic Surgery ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilation ; Ventilators, Mechanical

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary attitudes, dietary behaviors and diet qualities of Food and Nutrition major and non-major female students at a university located in Inchon. The subjects included 74 female Food and Nutrition majors and 45 non-Food and Nutrition major female university students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, and the data were analyzed by a SPSS 10.0 program. The nutrient intake data collected from Three-day recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program and then the diet quality was estimated using the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). There was no significant difference in dietary behaviors between Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. However, most of the female university students had poor eating habits, such as overeating, unbalanced meals, and skipping of meals. In particular, more than 50% of the female university students skipped breakfast. As for weighing themselves once a week, changing dietary lifestyles, calculating food calories and having interest in information on nutrition and health, the ratio of Food and Nutrition majors was significantly higher as compared to that of the non-majors. There was a significant difference in food consumption frequency except for milk and milk products, and iron-rich foods between the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. However, there was a significant difference in the frequency scores of iron-rich foods between the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. The MAR of Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors were 0.80 +/- 0.13, 0.79 +/-0.13, respectively. However, in the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors, the NARs of calcium were 0.61 +/- 0.21 and 0.59 +/-0.20, and that of iron were 0.61 +/-0.21 and 0.59 +/-0.16, respectively, which was extremely low when compared to that of the other nutrients. This result was similar to that of the INQ. Therefore, nutritional education is necessary if female university students are to practice optimal nutrition, including well-balanced diets and eating foods of high nutritional quality.
Breakfast ; Calcium ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet* ; Eating ; Education ; Female* ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Incheon ; Iron ; Life Style ; Meals ; Milk ; Nutritive Value ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Intravenous catheter-related complication among the hospitalized patients has been increasing recently in Korea, since many hospitals has tried to save expenses by replacing the foreign-made catheter with domestic-made intravenous catheter. We studied the incidence rate of catheter-related complication and compared the incidence of catheter-related complication between domestic-made and foreign-made ones. We also studied to elucidate whether the morphologic characteristics of the intravenous catheter will effect the incidence of catheter-related complication. METHOD: From July 1 to Sept 30, 1998, we surveyed the incidence rate of intravenous catheter-related complication among the hospitalized patients in the wards of Medicine. Surgery, Obstetric, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical center. We also compared the incidence of complication between domestic-made catheter (catheter A) and foreign-made catheter (catheter B) of three different gages (24G, 22G and 18G). The morphologic characteristics of intravenous catheters has been studied by electron microscopy. RESULT: Complication associated with use of intravenous catheter had been occurred 263 out of 459 cases (57.3%), among those cases, non-infectious complication and infectious complication were 173 cases (37.7%) and 90 cases (19.6%), respectively. Totally, catheter A group showed higher complication than catheter B group [62.0% (160/258) vs 51.2% (103/201), P=.021]. Analysis on the incidence rate of complication according to the products did not show significant differences in the noninfectious complication in every gage groups. However the infectious complication occurred higher in the domestic-made catheter A group than among the foreign-made catheter B group [(24G: 6% vs 0%, P=.026), (22G: 25.6% vs 9.6%, P=.001), (18G: 36.8% vs 13.4%, P=.002)]. Duration of catheter life did not show the difference between catheter A group and catheter B group [48.5hrs vs 50.3hrs, P=.474]. The analysis on risk factors for complication showed that catheter A group is highly related (odd ratio 1.85). The morphologic analysis of the catheter by using electron microscopy showed that the angles in the tip of the introducing needle of catheter Aand catheter Bare 60degrees and 45degrees , respectively, and the bevel between introducing needle and catheter sheath are 50degrees and 27degrees, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a higher incidence rate of complication related to domestic-made catheter usage, which might influence increasing the period of the hospitalization and the expenses due to the complication. The study of cost effectiveness analysis needs to be performed regarding intravenous catheter-related complication. Morphologically, catheter A showed more blunt angle in the tip and transition area of the introducing needle than the angle of catheter B, which is considered to influence the higher complication incidence. It needs to improve the quality of domestic-made intravenous catheter.
Academic Medical Centers ; Catheter-Related Infections ; Catheters ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Korea ; Microscopy, Electron ; Needles ; Obstetric Surgical Procedures ; Prospective Studies* ; Risk Factors

Median raphe cysts (MRCs) are rare benign lesions that occur as a result of congenital defects during the embryological development of the male genitalia in the fetal period. It can develop anywhere along the midline, from the meatus to the anus. Pigmented MRCs are rare subtypes that contain melanin pigments or melanocytes in the epithelium, and there are only eight such cases reported worldwide. We report herein a case of pigmented MRC in the perineum of a 3-year-old boy. The clinical features include a linear tubular structure and foreign body granuloma at the tip of the linear cystic lesion and rare histological findings of pigmented cuboidal epithelium and squamous epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining revealed strong positivity for c-kit in the pigmented cuboidal epithelium. In this report, we discuss a rare case of pigmented MRC with a mixed type of squamous epithelium and pigmented cuboidal epithelium and review the associated literature.

no abstract available.

Pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS), formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), is a rare mesenchymal tissue tumor. A 40-year-old male presented with a 2-month history of a well-defined, solitary, round, palpable protruding mass with central ulceration, 1.5 cm in diameter. Punch biopsy showed tumor cells of variable size and hyperchromatic nuclei with frequent bizarre atypical cells and atypical mitoses arranged in a storiform-pleomorphic pattern in the entire dermis. After complete resection, PDS was diagnosed because the lesion had invaded the deep subcutaneous fat. Because MFH has been renamed according to the World Health Organization new classification system, we reclassified the 10 cases that have been reported as MFH in Korea. Nine cases were renamed undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, with only one being renamed mucofibrosarcoma. Herein, we report a rare case of PDS treated with surgical excision with a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Disinfectants play an important role in preventing nosocomial infection. But the misuse of disinfectants may lead to waste money and decrease the effectiveness of disinfectants by emergence of resistant-bacteria. We studied to evaluate the in vitro bactericidal activity of various disinfectants used in the hospital against major nosocomial pathogens. METHOD: Disinfectants studied were chlorhexidine (0.05%, 0.1 %, 02%, 0.5%, 1%), hibicol 0.5%, alkyl diaminoethyl glycine (0.01 %. 0.05%, 0.1%. 0.5%, 1%), benzalkonium chloride (0, 1%, 0.3%), hydrogen peroxide (1.5%,3%), isopropyl alcohol 70%, potadine iodine(7.5%, 10%), and gentian violet (0.01 %, 0.1%, 1%). Bactericidal activity of disinfectants was assessed against MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), P. aeruginosa, VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci), K. pneumoniae. CNS (coagulase-negative staphylococci) and C albicens. Those microorganisms were obtained from the patients with hospital-acquired infections, In vitro susceptibility was determined using a macrodilution method with various exposure times to several concentrations of disinfectants of 30sec, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 15 min and 30 min. RESULT: Microorganism studied were killed after exposure to hibicol 0,5%, isopropyl alcohol 70%, pcradme iodine (7.5%, 10%) within 30sec. 0.05% chlorhexidine needs exposure time above 5 min for bactericidal action. 0.01% alkyl diaminoethyl glycine needs exposure time above 15 min. 0.1% and 0.3% benzalkonium chloride needs exposure time above 1 min. MRSA and P. aeruginosa were killed within 30sec after exposure to gentian violet (GV), but against CNS, 0.01% GV needs exposure time for 15min and 0.1% and 1% GV needs exposure time for 2 min. C. albicans were killed above 1 min. K. pneumoniae was not killed at all. H202 was ineffective for all tested bacteria. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show most disinfectants used in our hospital demonstrated bactericidal activity against major nosocomial pathogens. In-house diluted, 3% H202 failed to demonstrate killing of any microorganisms tested. The appropriate selection of disinfectants regarding to concentration and exposure time was necessary to inhibit growth of major nosocomial pathogens.
2-Propanol ; Bacteria ; Benzalkonium Compounds ; Chlorhexidine ; Cross Infection ; Disinfectants* ; Gentian Violet ; Glycine ; Homicide ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Iodine ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Pneumonia