Porencephaly is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a cavitary hole extending from the cerebral mantle to the ventricle of the brain and covered by leptomeningeal membrane. It is now generally believed that the porencephaly represents a fetal or neonatal destructive process of the neural tissue. Authors experienced an autopsy case of bilateral porencephaly in a 35-day-old Korean male infant who died of sepsis. The brain weighed 150 gms and morphologically well formed except for two large symmetric defects at the fronto-parietal region. These defects were characterized by cleft-like shape, covering the entire cerebral mantle with resultant direct communication between ventricular cavity and leptomeninges. Thin leptomeningeal trabeculae were covering the cavity. There was a smooth transition between ependyma and roof of the defects. There are focal, microscopic cerebral infarct and abscess without connection with the cavitary lesion. The remaining central nervous system was unremarkable.
Infant ; Male ; Female ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans

Authors purposed to observe activities of occupational health nurses and it's related factors, and to suggest the way that induct better occupational health nurses' activities with questionnaire to 87 occupational health nurses who individually work as health manager in the plant. The questionnaire included type of plant and number of workers, general characteristics, work conditions, activities, etc. Major findings are as follows. 1. 82.8% of occupational health nurses were third decade 93.1% graduated junior college or college. And 82.8% were not married. 2. General work conditions: 40.2% were belonged to safety-health section, 98.85% were mere clerks. 60.9% worked less than weekly 44 hours, and an annual salary of 50.6% was between 10million and 14 million won. 3. work condition related to health manager work: there was separated health care room in 94. 3%, working period as health manager(occupational health nurse) was less than 5 years in 70.1%, 49.4% had the out-of-health manager work. In 87.4%, occupational physician was appointed, only 6.9% of them were full time, 52.9% of them worked little in the plants The problems related to workers' health were discussed with industrial nurses in 88.5%. 4. Attitude for their work: 88.5% were thought that their work is important for workers' health care, 57.5% satisfied to work as health manager. In 51.7%, motive to being industrial nurse were the appropriate aptitude. 5. Activities: General medical care in 100 % were carried out, in 97 7% works related to general health examination, in l00% works related to special health examination were carried. But works related to use of protective apparatus were carried out in 20.8%. 6. Factors related to level of activities: In cases who solved the health related problems by themselves, the level of activities was significantly higher than in others. In cases there w ere full time occupational physician, the level of activities was significantly lower. 7. Occupational health nurse's needs: 100% wanted regular education, 89.7% wanted the qualifying examination. As the results, author suggests that the right of self-control is given to occupational health nurses and the work of occupational physician is clearly defined for the induction of the better activities of occupational health nurses.
Aptitude ; Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Occupational Health* ; Plants ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits

To investigate how the beverage consumption of middle school students are different in some respects; favorite kinds, drinking time and so on. 579 middle school students in Jeonju were participated in this study. This study shows the frequency of drinking beverage and the correlation between the frequency and the various factors to have effects on the frequency. The students usually drink water 8.55 times, milk or yogurt 3.01 times, sport beverage 2.13 times, soft drink 1.93 times, and fruit and vegetable juice 1.85 times for one week. The boy students prefer more soft or sport drink to the girl students. However the drinking of other beverages such as water, milk, juice, traditional ones don't have any meaningful differences between the boys and the girls. The students drink water mostly when they have meals. And the second consuming beverage is milk at table. It explains the students who drink more milk than water with bread. There is a big difference according to their excercise frequency. The students who excercise regularly or excercise over 3 hours drink more soft or sport drink and milk or yogurt than the students who exercise less than 1 hour. The beverages are firstly needed during the exercise because they sweat. And the second beverage time is when they have snacks and when they take a break. It should be suggested that nutrition education targeted to middle school students and their parents should encourage limited consumption of soft drinks. Therefore, policies that limit students' access to soft drinks at schools should be promoted.
Beverages* ; Bread ; Carbonated Beverages ; Drinking ; Education ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do* ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Parents ; Snacks ; Sports ; Sweat ; Vegetables ; Water ; Yogurt

PURPOSE: To analyze the learning objectives and test items for Fundamentals in Nursing which were established between 1999 and 2000 and to develop these items toward a nationwide faculty workshop for national board examination for Korean nurses. RESULTS: 1. According to Bloom's taxonomy, learning objectives established in 1999 mainly consisted of two domains, comprehension (56.1%), and knowledge (27.7%). The learning objectives established in 2000, mainly consisted of comprehension (45.2%) and application (25.4%). 2. According to McGuire's taxonomy, domain of test items established in 1999 consisted of recall (66.7%), interpretation (28.0%) and problem solving (4.9%). Domain of test items established in 2000, consisted of recall (65.1%), interpretation (22.0%) and problem solving (12.9%). 1) Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University 2) College of Nursing, Yonsei University 3) College of Nursing, Seoul National University 4) Department of Nursing, Kyung-Hee University 5) College of Nursing, Ewha University 6) College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea(corresponding author, Email: sky@catholic.ac.kr) 7) National Medical Center Nursing College 8) Red Cross Nursing College 9) Department of Nursing, Gachun Gil College 3. The proportion of learning objectives in the knowledge and comprehension domains established in 200, decreased from 27.7% to 13.5%, and from 56.1% to 45.2% respectively over that of 1999. But the domain of application increased from 5.3% to 25.4% over that of 1999. 4. With regard to McGuire's taxonomy, the proportion for the recall and interpretation domains established in 2000 decreased from 66.7% to 65.1%, and from 28.0% to 22.0% respectively. But the proportion for the problem solving domain increased from 4.9% to 12.9% over that of 1999. For type of test items, the proportion of A type established in 2000 decreased from 47.2% to 37.6%, and K type increased from 52.1% to 60.8% over that of 1999. CONCLUSION: The learning objectives and test items established in 2000 showed remarkable improvement compared to those established in 1999. For better learning objectives and test items in Fundamentals of Nursing, further research is recommended on essential content and standardization of job analysis for national board examination for nurses in Korea.
Classification ; Comprehension ; Education ; Electronic Mail ; Korea* ; Learning* ; Nursing* ; Problem Solving ; Red Cross ; Seoul

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify observation and performance of nursing role activities by student nurses graduating from 3 year junior colleges or 4 year universities. METHOD: A descriptive design was used and the participants were 295 student nurses who were graduating. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The average score for observation of nursing role activity was 2.16+/-0.29, and for performance 1.61+/-0.29. Among the college students, the mean item score for observation was highest for medication administrator and lowest for provider of spiritual & bereavement care, while for the university students the highest was for provider of care during surgery and lowest for provider of spiritual & bereavement care. The college students had higher scores for observation, and the university students for performance. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that standardized practice learning programs need to be designed in schools and in clinical practice areas, in order to further develop adaptability to nursing roles.
Administrative Personnel ; Hospice Care ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the perceived importance and frequency of nurse role behaviors for medical and surgical nurses and to examine the relationship between perceived importance and frequency of nurse role behaviors in the two groups. METHOD: A descriptive design was used with convenience sampling of 351 medical and surgical nurses in the 40 hospitals with over 500 beds. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: 1) The total score for perceived importance of nurse role behaviors was 4.09+/-.53 for medical nurses and 4.13+/-.53 for surgical nurses. 2) The total score for frequency was 3.15+/-.54 for medical nurses and 3.24+/-.56 for surgical nurses. 3) The perceived importance of nurse role behaviors was higher than the frequency, but the difference between two groups was not significant. 4) The perceived importance of nurse role behaviors was highly correlated with frequency (r=.579, p=.000) for the two groups. CONCLUSION: Medical and surgical nurses perceived the importance nurse role behavior but the frequency of the behavior is lower. Therefore, further research is needed to develop strategies to increase the frequency of nurse role behaviors.
Nurse's Role* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

In this study, we investigated profiles of the cytokines IFN-g, IL-12, and IL-10 in active pulmonary tuberculosis (EAPTB) patients, HIV-negative patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and in healthy tuberculin reactors (HTR). We studied the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 12 EAPTB patients and 15 MDR-TB patients to stimulation with a purified protein derivatives (PPD) antigen (Ag), and compared them with those from 14 HTR. Using ELISA, IFN-g production was found to be significantly depressed, while IL-10 was significantly elevated in both MDR-TB and EAPTB after in vitro stimulation with PPD, compared with those in HTR. Although there was no significant difference in IL-12 production among the three groups, mean IL-12 production was highest in patients with MDR-TB. In these patients, IL-12 production was significantly correlated with IL-10 expression, but not IFN-g production. In addition, neutralization of endogenous IL-10 led to enhanced IFN-g and IL-12Rb2 mRNA expression in TB patients. Our findings suggest that both groups of TB patients may have a similar disregulated pattern of IL-12, IL-10, and IFN-g production during M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, the results suggest a potentially pathogenic role for IL-10 in impaired Th1 immune responses in TB patients.
Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-10* ; Interleukin-12* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; RNA, Messenger ; Tuberculin ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Understanding human immune responses in chronic refractory tuberculosis (CRTB) is important for developing immunotherapy against the disease. The aim of this study was to examine cytokine responses [interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10] by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in CRTB patients after in vitro stimulation with the 30-kDa or purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen (Ag). Most of the CRTB cases were multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. The results were compared with those from early TB (E-TB) patients and healthy tuberculin reactors (HTR). IFN-gamma production was significantly depressed in both CRTB and E-TB groups compared with HTR. In response to the 30-kDa Ag, TNF-alpha levels were significantly depressed only in CRTB patients, while greatly increased in E-TB patients. In addition, IL-10 production was significantly increased in E-TB patients, and PBMC from both E-TB and CRTB patients secreted more IL-6 than HTR. IL-10 neutralization significantly increased TNF-alpha levels, whereas anti-TNF-alpha did not alter IL-10 induction significantly in PBMC from HTR and CRTB patients. Our findings suggest that CRTB patients have depression in both IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha reponses, which might play important roles during chronic M. tuberculosis infection.
Depression* ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Interferon-gamma* ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Tuberculin ; Tuberculosis* ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

Only few studies have shown the efficacy and safety of glucose-control strategies using the quadruple drug combination. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of the quadruple combination therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Background: Only few studies have shown the efficacy and safety of glucose-control strategies using the quadruple drug combination. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of the quadruple combination therapy with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: From March 2014 to December 2018, data of patients with T2DM, who were treated with quadruple hypoglycemic medications for over 12 months in 11 hospitals in South Korea, were reviewed retrospectively. We compared glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels before and 12 months after quadruple treatment with OHAs. The safety, maintenance rate, and therapeutic patterns after failure of the quadruple therapy were also evaluated. Results: In total, 357 patients were enrolled for quadruple OHA therapy, and the baseline HbA1c level was 9.0%±1.3% (74.9± 14.1 mmol/mol). After 12 months, 270 patients (75.6%) adhered to the quadruple therapy and HbA1c was significantly reduced from 8.9%±1.2% to 7.8%±1.3% (mean change, –1.1%±1.2%; P<0.001). The number of patients with HbA1c <7% increased significantly from 5 to 68 (P<0.005). In addition, lipid profiles and liver enzyme levels were also improved whereas no changes in body weight. There was no significant safety issue in patients treated with quadruple OHA therapy. Conclusion This study shows the therapeutic efficacy of the quadruple OHA regimen T2DM and demonstrates that it can be an option for the management of T2DM patients who cannot use insulin or reject injectable therapy.