The purpose of this study was to identify obstacles by surveying dieticians' perception in implementing Generic HACCP Plan for school foodservice operations from 2001. The survey was conducted in five areas; Seoul, Kyoung-gi Province, In-cheon, Kwang-ju and Dae-jeon. Five hundred and sixty questionnaire were sent by the e-mail address and the local school dietician's Community Board on the internet, 263 were returned. Two hundred and forty were returned by E-mail, return rate was 42.86%. Twenty three were received by the local school dietician's Community Board on the internet. The obstacles were grouped of six fields and indicated thirteen factors in implementation of the Generic HACCP Plan for school foodservice. The six fields were 'status of cooperation within HACCP team', 'cooperation with the external people' such as teachers, food suppliers, student's parents, 'understanding HACCP system of the dieticians', 'hygiene facilities', 'training & educating employees', and 'difficulty of monitoring'. To assess the factor as a obstacle we used Likert's scale; 5-agree strongly, 4-agree, 3-medial, 2-don't agree, 1-don't agree strongly. Results of this study are as follows; 1) The scores of thirteen factors indicated as obstacles were over 3(medial) except 'lack of dietician's understanding about HACCP System(2.86+/-0.97)'. Also only about 63% dieticians recognized that as an obstacle factor. 2) 'Deficiency of hygiene facilities(4.41+/-0.76), 'lack of teachers' cooperation(4.23+/-0.77)', 'inadequacy of the kitchen lay-out(4.19+/-0.95)' and 'lack of training and educating program for employees(3.97+/-0.85)' scored most highly. Results from this study show that financial resources and educating system are very important to settle down HACCP system for School Foodservices successfully.
Electronic Mail ; Gwangju ; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points* ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Incheon ; Internet ; Nutritionists ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

Prenatal diagnoses were performed in 145 fetuses resulting from 73 singleton and 36 twin pregnancies, all established by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICS: amniocentesis in 108 patients and Chorionic villus sampling in one. The prenatal cytogenetic results were obtained from pregnancies after ICSI using ejaculated spermatozoa, epididymal spermatozoa, testicular spermatozoa and after the replacement of frozen-thawed embryos derived from ICSI. The Karyotypes were normal in 138 cases (95.2%) of the prenatal diagnoses and there were 2 cases (1.4%) de novo and 5 cases (3.4%) inherited chromosomal aberrations. The two cases of de novo abnormalities were: 46, XY, t(6;7)(q21;p22) and 47, XY, +21 (trisomy 21).
Amniocentesis ; Chorionic Villi Sampling ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cytogenetic Analysis* ; Cytogenetics* ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fetus* ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Twin ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic* ; Spermatozoa*

The Computer-assisted Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP) program has been developed for a systematic implementation of HACCP principles in identifying, assessing and controlling hazards in institutional foodservics operations. The HACCP-based sanitation evaluation tool has been developed, based on the results of the computerized assisted HACCP program in 4 service sites of C contracted foodservice company, including 2 general hospitals with 650-beds, one office operation of 400 meals per day, and one factory foodservice of 1,000 meals per day. All database files and processing programs were created by using Unify Vision tool with Windows 95 of user environments. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. This program consists of the pre-stage for HACCP study and the implementation stage of the HACCP system. 1) The pre-stage for HACCP study includes the selection of menu items, the development of the HACCP recipe, the construction of product flow diagrams, and printing the HACCP recipes and product flow diagrams. 2) The implementation of the HACCP system includes the identification of microbiological hazards, the determination of critical control points based on the decision tree base files. 3) The HACCP-based sanitation evaluation tool consisted of 3 dimensions of time-temperature relationship, personal hygiene, and equipment-facility sanitation. The Cronbach's alphas calculation indicated that the tool was reliable. The results showed that the focus groups rated the mean of importance in time-temperature relationship, personal hygiene, and equipment-facility sanitation as 4.57, 4.59 and 4.55 respectively. Based on the results, this HACCP-based sanitation evaluation tool was considered as an effective tool for assuring product quality. This program will assist foodservice managers to encourage a standardized approach in the HACCP study and to maintain a systematic approach for ensuring that the HACCP principles are applied correctly.
Decision Trees ; Focus Groups ; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Meals ; Sanitation*

The aim of this study is to appraise the efficacy of both recent therapeutic modalities and the prognosis after the biliary drainage procedure of various biliary diseases. A retrospective review of biliary drainage procedures for biliary disease was done from January 1986 to June 1996. We have experienced 252 cases at Pusan National University Hospital. The results were obtained as follows: 1) The most common age group was the 6th decade, and the ratio of male to female was 1:1.3. 2) Operative procedures consisted of sphincteroplasty in 62 cases(24.6%), choledochoduodenostomy in 63 cases(25%), choledochojejunostomy in 72 cases(28.6%), and choledochojejunostomy with defunctionalized jejunal limb in 55 cases(21.7%). 3) The indications for operative procedures of biliary drainage were as follows: intrahepatic stone in 67 cases(26.6%), dilated CBD with muddy stones in 57 cases(22.6%), CBD stone with stenosis of sphincter in 15 cases(5.9%), recurrent or residual stones in 89 cases(35.3%), and malignant disease in 24 cases(9.6%). 4) The preoperative diagnostic procedures were operative cholangiography, T-tube cholangiogram, ultrasound, ERCP, PTC, and abdominal CT. 5) The postoperative procedures for remaining stones after operation were choledochoscopic extraction, saline irrigation and reoperation. 6) The postoperative complications included wound infection (18 cases, 7.1%), respiratory infection (4 cases, 1.6%), GI trouble (19 cases, 7.5%), cholangitis ( 2 cases, 0.8%), residual stone (25 cases, 11%), pancreatitis ( 1 case, 0.4%), and biliary fistula (5 cases, 1.9%). Recently many therapeutic techniques have contributed to improving biliary drainage. We suggest that an apprapriate operation be selected according to the situation when performing biliary drainage for biliary diseases.
Biliary Fistula ; Busan ; Cholangiography ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Choledochostomy ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Drainage* ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pancreatitis ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Complications ; Prognosis ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Wound Infection

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have conflicting results concerning the role of p53 protein related to the discovery that a wild-type of p53 is a nuclear protein that plays a role both as a tumor suppressor and may play roles in the control of transcription and as a negative regulator of cell growth, whereas mutant p53 supports tumor formation in experimental oncogenic settings and is overexpressed in some human tumors. The mutant p53 is abnormally stable, leading to increased expression. p53 has been most widely studied by the immunohistochemical method. p53 overexpression often found in some studies, but not always in other studies, have been shown to be an independent predictor of poor prognosis. METHODS: To evaluate a possible prognostic factor, we studied the expression of the p53 protein by an immunohistochemical method and compared these results with the established prognostic factors for breast carcinomas. RESULTS: 78 patients aged 28-69 were included in this study. The mean age was 46.3, and 53 patients out of 78 were less than 50 years old. There were 28 cases with tumor diameters of less than 2 cm, and 50 with tumor diameters of more than 2 cm. The most common pathologic type was an infiltrating duct carcinoma, 71 out of 78 cases (91.0%), and proportions of histologic grade I, II, and III tumors was 23 (29.5%), 41 (52.6%), 14 (17.9%), respectively. Cases with lymph node metastasis numbered 52 of 78 (66.7%). We observed a remarkable increase in the nuclear staining intensity at the invasive margins of some tumors, which may be linked to a higher incidence of proliferating cells. CONCLUSIONS: p53 overexpression was associated with tumor size (p<0.05), but was not associated with lymph node status, age, histologic grade, or estrogen receptor status.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nuclear Proteins ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVE: The implantation failure after embryo-transfer (ET) is a major continuing problem in in vitro fertilization (IVF). This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of individuals experiencing repeated unexplained in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) failure. METHODS: A total of nine consecutive infertile patients who failed to become pregnant after previous IVF-ET replacing at least three or more normal developed embryos each were included in our study. During the subsequent new IVF-ET cycle, each women received intravenous immunoglobulin 500mg/kg before the embryo transfer. RESULTS: Only one implantation occurred. There were no remarkable side effects. A specific effect of intravenous immunoglobulin for patients with repeated IVF-ET failure could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSION: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin may not be useful for patients with repeated failure of embryo transfer.
Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins*

It has been considered that high Na intake, and low Ca/K intake are related to the incidence of hypertension. In this preliminary study, dietary Na, K, and Ca intake and their urinary excretion in rural area in Kyungpook province were measured to recognize the relationship between those blood pressure-related minerals and blood pressure regulation in elderly people in rural area of South Korea. Sixty eight subjects (male 39, female 29) aged over 60 were randomly selected in rural area in South Korea. Blood pressure and soup saltness were measured, and dietary intake using 24 hours recall and urinary excretion of Na, K and Ca were measured. Depending on the blood pressure level, the data were analyzed using non-parametric ANOVA of Kruskal Wallis analysis on the basis of categorizing of one of four blood pressure groups, such as normal, high normal, hypertension I and hypertension II. Mean systolic (124.2+/-15.1 mmHg) and diastolic (79.0+/-10.2 mmHg) blood pressures were within the normal range. Soup saltiness and systolic pressure was positively correlated (p<0.05). Even without statistical significance, dietary Na intake was higher in the upper systolic blood pressure groups then in the lower ones, which suggested higher Na intake caused the increase of blood pressure. No consistency was shown between the urinary concentration of Na, K, Ca level and blood pressure level, respectively. From the results of this study, it is assumed that high Na intake might be related to the incidence of hypertension. Further study with large sample size is needed to supplement the limitation of this preliminary study.
Aged* ; Blood Pressure* ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Korea ; Minerals ; Reference Values ; Sample Size

Poor dietary habits and inadequate nutrient intakes are of concern in the elderly, even it is worse in rural areas. In the present study, we conducted the anthropometric measurement and the dietary intakes including macronutrients, minerals and vitamins to assess the nutrient intakes and nutritional risk in elderly people in rural kyungpook province in South Korea. Subjects (n = 168, mean age, 67.3 yrs) were interviewed using d general questionnaire and 3 days of 24-hours recall for dietary intake. Nutrient intakes were analyzed using CAN-pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA and nutrition reference values (NRV). The anthropometric measurement showed that the weight and the height of the subjects in the rural area were below the average of the same age of Korean elderly people. The energy and protein intakes were 85% and 90% of Korean RDA, respectively. The intakes of lipid, cholesterol and dietary fiber were 62%, 40% and 22% of NRV for Korean adults. Main sources for protein and lipid intakes came from the vegetable sources and this pattern was more prominent in female elderly people. Ca intake was half of Korean RDA (56%), while P intake was 132% of Korean RDA. For the antioxidant trace mineral (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Se) intakes, Fe and Zn intakes were 78% and > 103% of Korean RDA. Cu, Mn and Se intakes were > 113%, > 275%, and > 185% of Korean NRV. Thiamin, niacin and vitamin C intakes were above Korean RDA, but the intakes of vitamin A and riboflavin were 88% and 63% of Korean RDA, respectively. On summarizing the results of the present study, the elderly people in rural area consume less lipid, cholesterol, Ca, and dietary fiber. Ca intake is lower, while P intake is higher, and this would be the potential risk for bone health. Also, Na intake was high, which can be the potential risk for the cardiovascular disease prevailance. Vitamin intakes were fairly good status, excepting riboflavin. Antioxidant mineral intakes were much higher than Korean NRV, unexpectedly. The results suggest that the elderly people in rural area have inadequate intakes of protein, lipid, dietary fiber and Ca, which mainly should be supplied from animal products. Recommendations to increase diet variety would be emphasized for this nutritionally poor-conditioned subjects, specially including animal food products and high dietary fiber food.
Adult ; Aged* ; Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Dietary Fiber ; Female ; Food Habits ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Minerals ; Niacin ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reference Values ; Riboflavin ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of self foot reflexology on depression, sleep, and low back pain in elderly women. METHOD: The study was one group pre-posttest design. Data collection was done from December 2007 to January 2008 in D city. The participants were 47 women (65 years of age and over). After two weeks of reflexology education, the women did foot reflexology themselves for approximately 40 minutes, five times a week for four weeks. To verify the effects of foot reflexology, the scores for depression, sleep, and LBP were measured at baseline, after 4 weeks of self-treatment. Repeated measure ANOVA with the SPSS WIN 14.0 program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significant differences in depression, sleep, and LBP between baseline, after 4 weeks of self-treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that self foot reflexology could be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for improving depression, sleep, and LBP in elderly women.
Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression ; Female ; Foot ; Humans ; Low Back Pain ; Massage

No abstract available.
Preimplantation Diagnosis*