Poliomyelitis was first described in medical literature in 1789 by Underwood, an English physician. In 1909, Landsteiner and Popper confirmed the etiology of the poliomyelitis from a virus. Thereafter with clinical application of Salk and Sabin vaccinations, and marked improvements in control of poliomyelitis, the incidence of this disease has markedly decreased in developed nations. In Korea, Miyoshi was the first to report an epidemic of poliomyelitis in Dae Goo in 1939. Statistical analysis is presented of 752 cases of the late effects of the poliomyelitis who were admitted to Orthopedic Department of the Severance Hospital during the ten year period from Jan. 1961 to Dec. 1971. Results of this study are as follows: 1. The incidence in males was greater than in females (males 59.3%, females 40.7%). 2. 95.3% of the 752 cases were found to occur under the age of four years, and highest peak by age occurred between 12 and 24 months (38.7%) 3. The peak duration of deformities was from 3 years to 5 years (29.1%) 4. Difference between the incidences of the city and of the rural areas was not determined. There was no difference between the age distribution of the onset in Seoul, in the medium-sized cities and in rural areas. 5. Paralytic poliomyelitis was observed even in vaccinated children 2.5% of total cases after one injection of Salk vaccine, 1.6% after two injections of Salk vaccine, and 1.3% after three injections of Salk vaccine, and 0.2% followed a combination of Salk and Sabin vaccination. 6. Deformity of the upper extremity was only 1.2% of that of the total body. But deformity of the lower extremity was 93.9% of the total. There was no difference between the deformities in both sides. In deformities of the lower extremities, deformities of the foot were most common (29.3% of the total), those of the knee 21.3%, those of the hip 10.9%, those of the toes 8.6% and those of the legs were 8.0% Deformities of the spines were 4.4% and those of the pelvis were 0.5%. In individual deformities, discrepancy in leg length was most common (15.8% of the total), equinovalgus 7.9%, external tibial torsion 7.7%, claw toe 6.8%, equnovarus 6.2%, knock knee 5.6% and combination of flexion, abduction and external rotation of the hip was 5.4%. 7. The locations of the paralyses were found to be 90.7% in the lower extremities, 7.6% in the upper extremities, 1.5% in the trunk and 0.2% in the neck. In involvement of the upper extremities, the most frequent were in the Triceps brachii (0.5% of involvements of the total body muscles), Deltoideus (0.5%) & Biceps brachii (0.4%). In the involvement of the lower extremity, Tibialis anterior was found to be the most frequent (6.1% of invelvements of the total body muscles), Iliopsoas 6.1%, Quadriceps 6.1% and Tibialis posterior was 6.0%. Generally, the muscles of the upper extremity were more frequently affected in mild involvement than in severe involvement except that the Opponens pollicis was slightly more frequently affected in severe involvement than in mild involvement. However the muscles of the lower extremities were slightly more frequently affected in severe involvement than in mild involvement. Especially the Tibialis anterior, Quadriceps, Tibialis posterior, and hip adductors were more frequently affected in severe involvement than in mild involvement. Generally in the muscles of the upper and lower extremities, the proximal muscles were involved more frequently than that of the distal. There was no difference between the frequencies of the invelvements of right and left sides. 8. Taking associated paralysis into account it was shown that certain muscles that receive nerve supply from the same segment were paralysis or weakened together. Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior, Quadriceps and hip adductors, Quadriceps and hip flexors were the most numerous combinations of the associated paralysis. 9. Looking at spinal segment innervation in relation to miId affection of muscles, the highest incidence was found in the first lumbar segment. In segment incidence of severe paralysis the highest incidence was found in the second and third lumbar segments.
Age Distribution ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Daegu ; Developed Countries ; Female ; Foot ; Genu Valgum ; Hammer Toe Syndrome ; Hip ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee ; Korea ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Muscles ; Neck ; Orthopedics ; Paralysis ; Pelvis ; Poliomyelitis ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ; Seoul ; Spine ; Statistics as Topic ; Toes ; Upper Extremity ; Vaccination

BACKGROUND: Many mammals normally have a population of dermal melanocytes but these are not found in man, In humans, persistent dermal melanocytes can occur in the Mongolian spot, the nevus of Ota, and the blue nevus. Mongolian spot develops in the fetal or neonatal time and disapperars almost invariably during childhood. In contrast, nevus of Ota and blue nevus are not usually present at birth and persists in adult life. Recently, it was established that apoptosis can be involved in the development of melanocytes. The integrins mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and apoptosis can be induced by disruption of cell-matrix interactions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of integrins (a2, a3, ar) and in situ detection of fragmented DNA in Mongolian spot, nevus of Ota, and blue nevus. METHODS: Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 8 cases of Monglian spot, 5 cases of nevus of Ota, and 4 cases of blue nevus were immunolabelled with monoclonal antibodies TM directed against az, ay, and av integrin, and stained with ApopTag in situ using an Apoptosis Detection kit. The cases of Mongolian spot were divided into two groups in which group A represented the the cases of more than 45 melanocytes and group B represented the cases of less than 10 melanocytes in a tissue section of 4-mm taken from punch biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Blue nevi showed az and e integrin expressions in dermal melanocytes and weak to negative staining of g v integrin in comparison with all positive expressions of a z, a s, and g y integrin in A group-Mongolian spots and nevi of Ota. The B group-Mongo]ian spots showed the continuous expressions of a z and a y integrin with negative expressions of a v integrin. The ApopTag kit staining was all negative in the Mongolian spots, nevi of Ota, and blue nevi. CONCLUSION: Our results support the view that dermal melanocytic tumors, such as the Mongolian spot, the nevus of Ota, and the blue nevus, might be induced by the disturbance or inhibition of the apoptotic process of the melanocytes, and that the spontaneous disappearance of the Mongolian spot may not be related to the apoptosis.
Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Apoptosis ; Biopsy ; DNA ; Humans ; Integrins ; Mammals ; Melanocytes ; Mongolian Spot ; Negative Staining ; Nevus ; Nevus of Ota ; Nevus, Blue ; Parturition

Diarrhea is an extremely common cause of morbidity in infancy. Occasionally it becomes protracted, leading to a vicious cycle of malabsorption, malnutrition and failure to thrive. Thirty nine infants of chronic diarrhea who had been admitted to the Department of pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine for 3 years between September, 1989 and December 1992, were clinically studied and analized, the results were as follows: 1) The mean age of the patiens was 7.5+/-4.9 months. Symptoms started at 4.0+/-3.4 months of age and lasted for 3.6+/-4.1 months. 2) Among 39 cases, there were 16 cases of secondary lactase deficiency (41%), 9 cases of milk allergy(23%) and 3 cases of rotaviral enteritis(8%). Three patients (8%). had hepatitis and a patient had sepsis. 3) Incidence is much more common in formula-fed infants than brast-fed infants. 4) The growth status of the patients were poor; 54% of the patients by body weight and 39% by height fell into lower 10 percentile of normal distribution. Malnutrition accompanied the majority (82%) of the patients; 46% of mild form, 23% of moderate and 13% of severe form by Gomez classification. 5) Laboratory data on admission showed anemia in 21% of patients, hypoalbuminemia in 13% and hypocholester olemia in 31%. 6) Thirty one percent of the patients were improved with conservative tratment only. 33% of the patients got improved by low lactose milk feeding and milk withdrawl was done in 23% of the patients. Total parenteral nutrition was performed in 13% of the patients. All patients were cured with the treatment. With the above results, the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in infancy is postinfectious disaccharidase deficiency. followed by milk allergy. Low lactose milk feeding and milk withdrawl can improve the infants from chronic diarrhea.
Anemia ; Body Weight ; Classification ; Diarrhea* ; Failure to Thrive ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Incidence ; Infant ; Lactase ; Lactose ; Malnutrition ; Milk ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Pediatrics ; Sepsis

In spite of the extensive use of antibiotics over several decades, Streptococcus pneumoniae still remains as one of the most serious human bacterial pathogens. In order to clone the pneumococcal genes whose expression is induced when pneumococcus causes infection in mice, S. pneumoniae strain ATCC 6303 was subcultured on blood agar plates (BAP) ten times to reduce the virulence first, and then passaged through BALB/c mice three times to restore the virulence. Subtractive hybridization was performed using the total RNA preparations isolated from BAP-cultured and mouse-passaged strains. Complementary DNAs corresponding to any mRNA species that were differentially expressed in the mouse- passaged strain were used as the probes to screen the genomic library of pneumococcus. Positive recombinants were selected and sequenced partially to identify the genes located within the cloned DNA. GenBank search of the sequence data has identified several genes including two heat shock genes (dnaK and dnap, a transposase-encoding gene, and a sequence which is very homologous to that of the ftsH gene.
Agar ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Clone Cells* ; Cloning, Organism* ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; DNA ; DNA, Complementary ; Genomic Library ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Mice ; Pneumonia ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger ; Shock ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus* ; Virulence

1. 39 cases of fractures of the distal femur treated at the Gwang Ju Triservice Armed Hospital during period from January, 1968 to May, 1973 were subjected to analysis. 2. Most common cause of fracture was traffic accident and supracondylar fractures were most common. 3. Of 39 cases, 22 cases were treated by closed method with or without skeletal traction and 17 cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. 4. Closed methods resulted in better funtional recovery after union of fracture. 5. The healing period was 14 weeks in average.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adult ; Arm ; Clinical Study ; Femur ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Methods ; Traction

No abstract available.
Histiocytosis*

PURPOSE: The loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors appeats to be associated with a progression to less differentiated and hormone-independent tumors. The gain of hormone independency over time even in estrogen receptor-positive tumors has become another obstacle to endocrine therapy for breast cancer. We tried to regain the hormone dependency in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells by lipofecting estmgen receptor cDNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mutant human estrogen receptor cDNA (pSGS-HEO) was lipofected into estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, in an attempt to restore their sensitivity to antiestrogen. Then the effects of 17p-estradiol and tamoxifen were studied by counting viable cell numbers after treating the lipofected cell line with either one or together. RESULTS: Culture medium cantaining phenol red, a weak estrogen, has growth advantages compared with culture medium without it. In both culture conditions, cell growth was most profoundly inhibited in 4 days after lipofection with mutant human estrogen receptor cDNA, which was overcome after that day. Tamoxifen, as an antiestrogen, showed a growth inhibitory effect slightly stronger tban combined conditions of tamoxifen and 17- estradiol compared to estrogen-treated group and to control, and the inhibitory effect was lasted 4 days. CONCLUSION: The temporary induction of estrogen receptor by lipofection with pSGS-HEO on estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 showed negative growth control on these cells by tamoxifen, indicating that liposome-mediated estrogen receptor transfection may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for hormane independent human breast cancers in the near future.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary ; Estradiol ; Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Estrogens* ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans* ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Tamoxifen ; Transfection

No abstract available.
Leprosy*

No abstract available.
Blood Coagulation* ; Pulmonary Embolism* ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator*

In recent years the rate of the spine Injury tends to be on the increase year by year as the rate of traffic and industrial accidents are increased. During industrial, sports and automobile accidents are occurred, the various forces were exerted by the mechanism, “flexion, extension, flexlon-rotation, vertlcal compression and shearing.” These exercise their effects on the vertebral bodies, the neural arches and intervertebral disc and the contents of the spinal cord, depending on direction and intensity of the trauma, and the posture and muscular attitude existent at the movement. Once the neurological Iesion has been diagnosised and the type of vertebral injury has been established and particularly after a decision has been made as to whether the spinal injury is stable or unstable, a rational method of treatment can be decised upon: Our treatment consists of providing the best condition for recovery from the spine injury, preventlng further neurologlcal damage in the unstable area, achieving stable bone and llgament heallng ln satisfactory position, preventing metabolic compllcations from being fatal, mobllizing the patient early, and rehabilitating to provide maximum fuctlonal independence with the remaining-muscle power avallablc to the cord injury patient. One hundred and fifty seven spine fracture and dislocation patients were clinically observed and evaluated from Jan. 1972 to Dec. 1978 in our study. The result of this study may be summerized as follows: 1. Out of the patients, there were 135 male and 22 female cases. The ratio between male and female was 6.1:1. The majority (84.7%) of the spine injuries was found in the age of 20 to 50 years. Fifty-two percent of the cases was caused by industrial accidents. 2. The most common site of the lesion occurred between T-11 and L-2 vertebrae (71.8%). 3. In cervical injury, fracture dislocation type was most common (50%), and especially, pure dislocation by extension mechanism was 12.5% but in thoracolumbar iniury, simple anterior wedge compression fracture was most common (66.6%) and there were no pure dislocations just like cervical spine injury cases. 4. Fifty seven cases of the total were complicated by paraplegia, of which 62.5% in cervical region and 31.6% in thoracolumbar region were noticed. The most frequent type of the injury in which paraplegia developed was the fracture dislocation (73.8%) and the most common site of the lesion was between the T-12 and the L-2 vertebrae. 5. Open reduction was performed in 9 cases out of 24 cervical spine injury patients and in 41 cases out of 133 thoracolumbar injury patients. 6. Prognosis of neurologic recovery in initially complete lesion was poor, regardness of treatment. In the cervical lesion cases there were no patients who were recovered. But in the other sites about 10.5% of initially complete lesion showed partial neural recovery comparing to 62.5% of initially incomplete lesions. 7. Progressive deformity is often noted as a complication of spine fracture or dislocation when solid fusion fails to develop. The increment of kyphosis after treatment is as follows: Simple wedge fracture
Accidents, Occupational ; Automobiles ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Clinical Study ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Female ; Fractures, Compression ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Kyphosis ; Laminectomy ; Male ; Methods ; Paraplegia ; Posture ; Prognosis ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Injuries ; Spine ; Sports ; Urinary Bladder