This study was designed to identify the relationship between the perceived burden that is felt by family caregivers of hemodialysis patients and the quality of life of these caregivers. The subjects for this study were 102 family caregivers of patients who received hemodialysis regularly in the hemodialysis units of 4 hospitals located in Chonbuk. The data was collected during the period from February 17 to March 28, 1997 through interviews and by distributing a structured questionnaire to family caregivers through hemodialysis patients, and by mail service. The instruments used for this study are as follows : The burden instrument was the Burden Questionnaire developed by Lee Sook-Ja by referring to the Burden Scale developed by Novak & Guest(1989) and Zarit et al.(1980). The quality of life instrument was the Andrews' Scale that was treanslated and proof-read by Jeong Chu-Ja and partially amended by the author of this study. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, the Scheff test, Pearson's correlation and Stepwise Multiple Regression using the SAS PC+ program. The results of this study are as follow : 1. Hypothesis 1 : "The higher the perceived burden, the lower the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients" was supported(r=-0.463, p=.000). 2. Hypothesis 2 : "The burden of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients will differ depending on the demographic characteristics of hemodialysis patients and family caregivers" was partially supported-age of family caregiver(F=3.04, p=.020), educational level of family caregiver(F=3.81, p=.012), marital status of family caregiver(F=5.82, p=.004), relationship with hemodialysis patient(F=2.74, p=.016), sex of hemodialysis patient(F=6.79, p=.010). 3. Hypothesis 3 : "The quality of life family caregivers of hemodialysis patients will differ depending on the demographic characteristics of hemodialysis patients and family caregivers" was partially supported-age of family caregiver(F=2.82, p=.029), educational level of family caregiver(F=4.64, p=.004), marital status of family caregiver(F=6.62, p=.002), monthly total income of family(F=5.61, p=.001), age of hemodialysis patient (F=3.42, p=.011), occupation change of hemodialysis patient(F=3.54, p=.032). 4. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis indicated that the six variables-the perceived burden of family caregiver, monthly total income of family, religion of family caregiver, occupation of family caregiver, marital status of hemodialysis patient, education level of family caregiver-were significantly predictive of the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. The six variables explained 41.7% of the variance in quality of life. In conclusion, this study revealed that the perceived burden is an important factor related to the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, nurses must recognize family caregivers as well as hemodialysis patients as important care receivers and incorporate an intervening plan that reduces the burden and promotes the quality of life, taking into account the demographic characteristics of hemodialysis patients and their family caregivers.
Caregivers* ; Education ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Marital Status ; Occupations ; Postal Service ; Quality of Life* ; Renal Dialysis* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle in religious women by age and metabolic syndrome status between the metabolic syndrome group and the normal group. METHODS: As the subjects for this study, 125 religious women in the city of D, H, S, Y, participated in this study. The diagnostic criterion of metabolic syndrome used was the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher as the religious women got older. The metabolic syndrome group in their forties showed higher waist circumference, triglycerides, and lower HDL- cholesterol than the normal group. Among those in their fifties, the metabolic syndrome group had higher waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol than the normal group. In their sixties, the metabolic syndrome group had higher fasting glucose, triglyceride and systolic blood pressure than the normal group. CONCLUSION: The metabolic syndrome group in their forties showed that their practice rate of 'trying to avoid stresses at work', 'taking prescription medicines' was low. For those in their fifties, the practice rate of 'reducing overeating' and 'choice of low fat meats' was low. Finally, in the group of those in their sixties, 'reducing fried foods' was low.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol ; Education ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Prescriptions ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate factors influencing successful aging in middle-aged women. METHODS: A convenience sample of 103 middle-aged women was selected from the community. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis test, Pearson correlations, Spearman correlations and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. RESULTS: Results of regression analysis showed that significant factors influencing successful aging were post-traumatic growth and social support. This regression model explained 48% of the variance in successful aging. CONCLUSION: Findings show that the concept 'post-traumatic growth' is an important factor influencing successful aging in middle-aged women. In addition, social support from friends/co-workers had greater influence on successful aging than social support from family. Thus, we need to consider the positive impact of post-traumatic growth and increase the chances of social participation in a successful aging program for middle-aged women.
Aging* ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation* ; Female ; Humans ; Social Participation

No abstract available.
Muscle, Smooth* ; Smooth Muscle Tumor*

No abstract available.
Kidney* ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive*

The foodbank program is one of the social welfare programs that collects donated food and grocery products from the nation's food and grocery industry and distributes them to people who are in need. The purposes of this study were to: (a) investigate the food donators' perceptions of the foodbank program, (b) analyze the attitude toward the program by businesses, (c) compare the opinions on whether to donate or not, and (d) examine the frequency and category of the donated food. This research was conducted on three donator groups, such as contract foodservice management companies, franchising restaurant companies, and food manufacturing and grocery companies. A total of 63 donators participated in this survey. The main results of the investigation on the operating conditions were as follows; (a) From the donators' perspective, 73.0% and 71.0% of the respondents recognized the definition and purpose of this program, respectively. (b) Only 33.3% of respondents recognized the tax benefits of donating. (c) Contract foodservice management companies, and food manufacturing and grocery companies recognized the program more than franchising restaurant companies, and food manufacturing and grocery companies donated more than any of the others. (d) Most of the donated foods were bakery and confectionery, rice, and milk and dairy products.
Commerce ; Dairy Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Korea* ; Milk ; Restaurants ; Social Welfare ; Taxes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental materials for improving school health promotion programs by investigating school nurses' awareness of the importance, performance level, and perceived competence level of school health promotion programs in Gangwon-do. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 173 school nurses who were working in Gangwon-do. The instrument for this study was a scale for awareness of importance, performance level, and perceived competence level. Data were collected on December 15, 2007 and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows. RESULTS: The mean score of awareness of importance was 3.51 (range: 1~4). The mean score of performance level and the mean score of perceived competence level were 3.35 (range: 1~4) and 3.29 (range: 1~4), respectively. The younger school nurses were (F=4.380, p=.014), the higher their awareness of importance was. The performance level was lowest in high school nurses (F=5.013, p=.008). There were significant correlations between awareness of importance, performance level, and perceived competence level in school nurses. CONCLUSION: In order to improve the effectiveness of school health promotion programs, training and education programs for school nurses' competencies and technical support systems for school nurses should be provided.
Education ; Gangwon-do ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Mental Competency* ; School Health Services*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the degree that perceived social support effects the self esteem of the elderly. METHOD: A structured questionnaire was administered to 203 elderly subjects from April 2003 to June 2003. The data were analyzed with an SPSS program for descriptive statistics, Pearson`s correlation coefficients, t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The level of social support was moderate; family support received the highest score among sources of support. In types of support, appraisal support was the highest score and material was the lowest. The level of self esteem was also moderate. The score of social support showed a slightly high positive correlation with self esteem. In general characteristics, several variables were significantly related to self esteem. The most powerful predictor of self esteem was material support by family and the variance explained was 19.6%. A combination of material support by family, informational support by relatives, perceived economic status, perceived health status, and having a subject to depend on accounted for 39.8% of the variance in self esteem of the elderly. CONCLUSION: To increase the self esteem of the elderly, it is necessary to consolidate material support by family.
Aged* ; Humans ; Self Concept* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the degree that perceived social support effects the self esteem of the elderly. METHOD: A structured questionnaire was administered to 203 elderly subjects from April 2003 to June 2003. The data were analyzed with an SPSS program for descriptive statistics, Pearson`s correlation coefficients, t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The level of social support was moderate; family support received the highest score among sources of support. In types of support, appraisal support was the highest score and material was the lowest. The level of self esteem was also moderate. The score of social support showed a slightly high positive correlation with self esteem. In general characteristics, several variables were significantly related to self esteem. The most powerful predictor of self esteem was material support by family and the variance explained was 19.6%. A combination of material support by family, informational support by relatives, perceived economic status, perceived health status, and having a subject to depend on accounted for 39.8% of the variance in self esteem of the elderly. CONCLUSION: To increase the self esteem of the elderly, it is necessary to consolidate material support by family.
Aged* ; Humans ; Self Concept* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Interferons(IFNs) exhibit an antiproliferative effect on many normal and transformed cells and have in vivo antitumor activity in a variety of cancers. Recent clinical studies have suggested major activity with IFNs, especially in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and cervix. With the objective of exploring how the IFNs might work in squamous carcinoma cell line, we studied the effect of IFN-a on cervical cancer cell lines. The effect of IFNs on apoptosis and cell cycle of cervical cancer cell lines(C33A, CaSki, SiHa, HeLa, ME-180) was analysed by flow cytometry in time dependent manner. Results were as follows: (1) According to cell count of studied cancer cell lines treated with 2,000 IU/ml IFN-a for 7 days exposure, IFN-a had the antiproliferative effect on all five tested cervical cancer cell lines. Also this antiproliferative effect was confirmed by WST-1 assay. (2) The effect of IFN-a on apoptosis of each cultute was analysed by flow cytometry after 3 days and 7 days exposure with 2,000 IU/ml IFN-a, Apoptosis was not induced by IFN-a treatment. (3) The effect of IFN-a on the cell cycle of each culture was analysed by flow cytometry after 3 days exposure with 2,000 IU/ml IFN-a. As compared to control cells, treatment with IFN-a resulted in a higher proportion of cells in S phase with lower portion of cells with G2/M phase. (4) Time course of IFN-a effect on HPV 16 and HPV 18 E6 mRNA levels was evaluated by northern blot analysis. In CaSki cell line, HPV 16 E6 mRNA expression induced by IFN-a was not inhibited. But in HeLa cell line, HPV 18 E6 inRNA expression was inhibited. IFN-a appears to have the antiproliferative effect on all five tested cervical cancer cell lines and the antiproliferative effect of IFN-a seemed to be induced not by apoptosis but by disruption on specific cell cycle. Also regulation of HPV E6 mRNA expression induced by IFN-a is not directly related to the mechanisms of the antiproliferative effect of IFN-a in cancer cell lines.
Apoptosis ; Blotting, Northern ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Count ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line* ; Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; HeLa Cells ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Humans ; RNA, Messenger ; S Phase ; Skin ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*