This erratum is being published to correct of affiliation and add an acknowledgement.

Dried specimens of the genus Inocybe collected from mountain areas throughout the Korean country from 1982 to 1998 and preserved in NIAST were investigated. Out of them, Inocybe hystrix were confirmed as an unrecorded species in Korea. In 1991 Lee et al., previously recorded Inocybe kasukayamensis only with its scientific name and korean common name. In this study we report it with full descriptions of morphological characteristics and diagnosis of micro-structures of this species.
Diagnosis ; Korea* ; Porcupines

Otologic complaints, including otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss, are known to be related to temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). There have been several hypotheses regarding the clinical correlation between otologic complaints and TMDs, based on clinical phenomena with corresponding symptoms, the close neurological relationship between otic and masticatory structures, and anatomical features of the tympanic cavity and jaw joint. Function of the tensor tympani muscle seems to be crucial to understanding TMD-related otologic symptoms. The tensor tympani inserts into the handle of the malleus and it modulates sound transduction in situations of excessive noise. This muscle is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, like the masticatory muscles. Voluntary eardrum movement by pathological tensor tympani contraction results in various otologic symptoms. Thus, co-contraction of the tensor tympani with the masticatory muscle could be a possible cause of TMD-related otologic symptoms. The tensor tympani is rather unrelated to the acoustic reflex, in which the stapedius is strongly involved. The tensor tympani seem to be controlled by proprioceptive information from the trigeminal sensory nucleus. The peripheral innervation pattern of the tensor tympani and masticatory muscles is also supposed to be interconnected. The middle ear structure, including the malleus, incus, and tensor tympani, of mammals had been adapted for acoustic function and lacks the masticatory role seen in non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. The tensor tympani in non-mammals is one of the masticatory muscles and plays a role in the modulation of sound transduction and mastication. After the functional differentiation of the mammalian middle ear, the nervous connection of the tensor tympani with other masticatory apparatus still remains. Through this oto-stomatognathic vestige, the tensor tympani seems to contract unnecessarily in some pathological conditions of the TMD in which the masticatory muscles contract excessively. We hypothesized that the phylogenic relationship between the tensor tympani and masticatory apparatus is a significant and logical reason for TMD-related otologic complaints.
Acoustics ; Ear, Middle ; Earache ; Hearing Loss ; Incus ; Jaw* ; Joints ; Logic ; Malleus ; Mammals ; Mastication ; Masticatory Muscles ; Noise ; Reflex, Acoustic ; Stapedius ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; Tensor Tympani* ; Tinnitus ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Tympanic Membrane ; Vertebrates ; Vertigo

Three case of plexiform schwannoma displayed multinodular masses and microscopically a multicentric pattern of growth featuring Antoni A cellular component, Verocay bodies and presence of Antoni B areas. Clinically von Recklinghausen's disease was not observed in all cases. The first patient was a 17 year old male who had a protruding nodule of walnut size which was located at the dermis of the left flank for 13 years. The second case, a 25 year old male, had an irregular whitish brown multinodular mass in the choana for 5 years. The last case, a 56 year old woman, had an ovoid yellowish brown mass with multiple nodules in the retroperitoneum.
Female ; Male ; Humans

Either increased cellular proliferation or decreased death might result in an expansion of their numbers in the oncogenic process. Cellular apoptosis represents an autonomous suicide pathway that helps to restrict the cell number. However bcl-2 and mutant p53 inhibit programmed cell death. To determine whether the bcl-2 gene is activated during colorectal tumorigenesis and whether it has any relationship with p53 and apoptosis, we studied the expression of bcl-2 and p53 in the normal colonic mucosa, in the adenomatous polyps and in the adenocarcinomas using the immunohistochemical method. Also we evaluated the status of apoptosis using the in situ end labeling method. The bcl-2 immunoreactivity was restricted to the basal epithelial cells of all normal colonic mucosa and they were expressed in all adenomas and 86% of adenocarcinomas, especially in the superficial lesion of some tumors. Mutations of p53 were not found in the normal colonic mucosa, but they were present in dysplastic cells of adenomas (52%) and in cancer cells of the adenocarcinomas (47%). Apoptosis was confined to the tips of the normal colonic mucosa. It was more easily detected in the p53-positive adenomas than in the p53-negative adenomas (p=0.010). In the adenocarcinomas, the findings of apoptotic process are not related with p53 mutation (p=0.3) and bcl-2 expression (p=0.187). p53 and bcl-2 are probably one step of several apoptotic processes in the adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adenoma* ; Adenomatous Polyps ; Apoptosis* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Count ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Colon ; Epithelial Cells ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Mucous Membrane ; Suicide

Anxiety* ; Depressive Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Electroencephalography ; Humans

Catheters ; Diskectomy ; Endoscopes ; Humans ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Spine ; Surgical Instruments

Purpose: To evaluate the risk factors for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration, associated with high pigment epithelial detachment (PED) (>400 μm). Methods: Fifty-five treatment-naive patients with high PED (>400 μm) and exudative age-related macular degeneration, treated with an initial series of 3 monthly loading injections between January 2013 and December 2017, were retrospectively included. Results: The RPE tear rate was 16.4% (9/55). The areas affected by choroidal neovascularization and PED were significantly larger in the tear group compared with the no-tear group (p = 0.004, p = 0.029, respectively). The rate of intraretinal fluid (IRF) was 89% and 28% in the tear and no-tear groups, respectively (p = 0.001), and the subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly thinner in the tear group (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference with respect to age, sex, laterality, underlying disease, baseline visual acuity, diagnosis, type of PED, or presence of subretinal fluid between the tear and no-tear groups. According to logistic regression analysis findings, the presence of IRF is associated with a higher risk of RPE tear (odds ratio = 20.3, p = 0.007). Conclusions The presence of IRF was associated with RPE tear development after intravitreal injection for exudative age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To report changes in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) after uncomplicated cataract surgery using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. Methods: The present study evaluated 39 eyes that underwent cataract surgery between April 2019 and June 2019. Central macular thickness (CMT) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured by OCT. The area of the FAZ in the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and deep vascular complex (DVC) were measured using OCT angiography. Results: In all eyes, except for five with cystoid macular edema, there was a statistically significant change in the CMT over time (p < 0.0001), and the CMT at 1 month postoperatively was significantly thicker than the preoperative CMT (p = 0.005). The SFCT was significantly thicker at 1 week and 1 month postoperatively relative to the preoperative values (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The FAZ area in the SVC and DVC decreased significantly at 1 week and 1 month postoperatively compared with the preoperative values (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.007, respectively). In the five eyes that developed cystoid macular edema, the area of the FAZ in the DVC showed a significant increase at 1 month postoperatively compared with the preoperative value (p = 0.028). Conclusions The FAZ area in the SVC and DVC decreased postoperatively, suggesting that cataract surgery may affect perfusion in the macula.

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between tangential retinal displacement and the improvement of metamorphopsia after idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery. Methods: The medical records of 36 eyes from 36 patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and who were observed over 1 year between January 2017 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Preand postoperative visual acuity, vertical and horizontal metamorphopsia score using the M-CHART, vertical and horizontal retinal displacement, and the presence of an ectopic inner foveal layer (EIFL) using optical coherence tomography were investigated. Results: Postoperatively, the ratios of vertical and horizontal retinal displacement were 12.11 ± 12.04% and 8.09 ± 11.43%, respectively. The postoperative horizontal metamorphopsia score significantly improved (p = 0.019) compared to preoperatively and there were no significant differences in the vertical metamorphopsia score (p = 0.790). There were no significant correlations between the ratio of the vertical retinal displacement and improvement of horizontal metamorphopsia score or between the ratio of the horizontal retinal displacement and improvement of vertical metamorphopsia score. The preoperative horizontal metamorphopsia score was significantly higher in patients with EIFL than in patients without EIFL (p = 0.021) as was the postoperative horizontal metamorphopsia score (p = 0.016). In the EIFL group, the disappeared EIFL group had significantly lower postoperative vertical (p = 0.001) and horizontal (p < 0.001) metamorphopsia scores compared to the persistent EIFL group. Conclusions Postoperative retinal displacement was not correlated with improvement in metamorphopsia. However, the presence of preoperative EIFL and postoperative changes affect the severity of postoperative metamorphopsia.