This study has been undertaken in order to 1) test the effect of health education on the performance of health promoting lifestyle, self efficacy, control and perceived health status in college students, 2) assess whether pretreatment level of self-efficacy, control, and perceived health status predict post-treatment health promoting lifestyle, 3) assess whether pre-to post-treatment changes in self-efficacy, control, and perceived health status predict post-treatment health promoting lifestyle, and 4) examine the correlation between changes in subscales of health promoting lifestyle. One-group pretest-posttest design was used. Fifty eight college students at T college in T city were studied. They attended a health education, which is composed of 13 sessions(one session per week, 130 minutes per one session). This study was conducted from August 26 to December 2. The instrument used for this study included a survey of general characteristics, self-efficacy, control, perceived health status and health promoting behavior. Analysis of data was done by use of mean, percentage, paired t-test, pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1) The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was low at 2.301. In the sub-categories, the highest degree of performance was interpersonal support(2.87), following self actualization, nutrition, stress management, exercise, and the lowest degree was health responsibility(1.67). Female students had lowest degree in exercise subscale(1.48). A significant correlation between self-efficacy and control, self-efficacy and perceived health status, self-efficacy and health promoting lifestyle, control and health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy was the highest factor predicting health promoting lifestyle of college students(38.31%). 2) No significant difference among total health promoting lifestyle and subcategories of health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy was increased after health education than that of before education(T=2.33, P=.023). Control was decreased after education than that of before education(T=-2.03, P=.046). 3) Pretreatment self-efficacy, control, and health status did not predict post-treatment health promoting lifestyle. 4) Pre-to post-treatment changes in self-efficacy predicted post-treatment stress management subscore. 5) Pre-to post-treatment changes in control predicted post-treatment self actualization and exercise subscale. A significant correlation between changes in self-actualization and changes in exercise, changes in self-actualization and changes in nutrition, changes in health responsibility and changes in exercise, changes in exercise and changes in interpersonal support, changes in exercise and changes in stress management, changes in nutrition and changes in interpersonal support, and changes in interpersonal support and changes in stress management.
Education ; Female ; Health Education* ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Self Efficacy

This study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms in the female students in a longitudinal design. The subjects who participated in this study were 97 female nursing students (in the analysis of data after 1 year). The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, stress (43 items), hardiness(25 items), and physical symptoms(35 items). Analysis of data was done by use of mean and hierarchical multiple regression with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1) Main effects of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms was found. 2) The stress buffering effects of hardiness were not found.
Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Apnea*

PURPOSE:The primary biliary carcinoma is usually unresectable at presentation, because of early lymphatic spread. To determine the incidence and the spread pattern of lymph node metastases according to the location of the primary tumor, we analyzed the CT scans of the patients with primary biliary adenocarcinome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the CT scans of 92 patients with pathologically proven primary biliary adenocarcinoma, including 45 peripheral cholangiocarcinomas, 22 hilar cholangiocarcinomas, 18 gallbladder carcinomas, and 7 common bile duct carcinomas. Positive adenopathy was diagnosed when the node exceeded 10 mm in short axis. RESULTS:The overall incidence of nodal metastases was 59.8 % (55/92); 66.7 % in peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, 54.5 % in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 55.6 % in gallbladder carcinoma, and 42.9 % in common bile duct carcinoma. The most commonly involved nodal group was the lesser omentum, followed by the celiac, periaortic, and peripancreatic group. The phrenic node group was only involved in the cases with the peripheral or hilar cholangiocarci nome. CONCLUSION:The primary biliary carcinoma has a high incidence of lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis, and shows different nodal spread pattern according to the location of the primary tumor. Involvement of the phrenic node was limited to the peripheral and hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Biliary Tract* ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Common Bile Duct ; Diagnosis ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Omentum ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This study examined effect of preceptorship on clinical education of senior nursing students of Y. University in Seoul. Quasi-experimental study design was used. Sixty students of pre-test and 80 of post-test participated in this study. Competency scores of the students before the clinical education(pre-competency scores) were compared with the competency scores after the clinical education(post-competency scores), and teacher evaluation scores between preceptors and clinical the data from students with preceptors(experimental group, N=22) and with clinical instructors(comparative group, N=58) were also examined. Study results indicated that the total post-competency scores were higher compared to the total pre-competency scores, and the difference was statistically significant. Among 7 sub-domains, differences were all statistically significant in 6 sub-domains except "self-esteem" domain. Competency scores of the students who had clinical education with had clinical education from clinical instructors. But the difference between those scores was not statistically significant. However, students gave higher evaluation scores to preceptors than clinical instructors. This study concluded that preceptorship did not influence much on clinical education at this time yet. However it is expected that when preceptors adjust their new roles and function them in expert education. This study recommended that for the preceptors to increase their motivation to teach students and to accept their roles, systemic rewards are needed.
Education* ; Humans ; Motivation ; Nursing* ; Preceptorship* ; Reward ; Seoul ; Students, Nursing*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Neutrophils* ; Phagocytosis* ; Stomach Neoplasms*

In consecutive 56 patients with cervical carcinoma, we retrospectively analyzed the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in regard of determining the depth of stromal invasion and reviewed the pitfalls in MRI interpretation. All patients underwent hysterectomy and were categorized into 3 groups: (1) no stromal invasion, (2) invasion to inner 2/3 of stromal thickness, (3) invasion to outer 1/3 of stromal thickness. In each group, MR image was analyzed for the size of the tumor mass and the ratio of spared stromal thickness to normal stromal full thickness (invasion ratio). Most tumor masses were not detected in the group of no stromal invasion. The degree of the depth of stromal invasion increased with the tumor size, and invasion ratio decreased as stromal invasion deepened. Overall accuracy for stromal invasion on MRI was 69.6%,and positive predictive value (PPV) for no stromal invasion was relatively lower than those of the other two groups. MRI is a promising modality to evaluate stromal invasion of cervical carcinoma by measuring the tumor size and invasion ratio, if MRI is performed prior to biopsy in axial scan perpendicular to the endocervical long axis.
Biopsy ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Pathology, Surgical* ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of brand image of baby food on brand relationship quality and reuse intentions. METHODS: A total of 211 questionnaires completed by customers who bought Brand B baby food were obtained from empirical research. SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 23.0 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Customers perceived Brand B baby food as “Convenient”, “Professional”, “Reliable”, “Famous”, and “Healthy”. Overall, the results indicate that perceived image for Brand B baby food had a significantly positive effect on brand relationship quality in terms of self-concept connection, commitment, and partner quality and intimacy. In addition, commitment and partner quality and intimacy had significantly positive effects on reuse intentions for Brand B baby food. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal the importance of brand image in baby food to improve brand relationship quality in terms of commitment and partner quality and intimacy as well as reuse intentions. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize positive brand image as a key factor in forming relationships between consumers and brands as well as search for ways to apply marketing strategies based on brand image.
Empirical Research ; Intention* ; Marketing

No abstract available.
Ascites*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) often requires patients to devote their time to complete the questionnaire than they expect. Given that it limits the effectiveness of THI in a busy clinical practice that desires a quick and easy assessment of tinnitus handicap, this study evaluated clinical usefulness of a Simplified version of Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI-S) in measuring the severity of tinnitus handicap as well as predicting the psychological distress associated with tinnitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 129 outpatients suffering from tinnitus (61 with normal hearing and 68 with hearing loss) participated in this study. The responses of THI-S (10 items) and THI (25 items) were evaluated to quantify the subjective handicap of tinnitus. The self-perceived level of stress, anxiety, and depression of all participants was measured with a series of self-report questionnaires such as Korean version of Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. All the questionnaire responses were analyzed using non-parametric analyses to examine the convergence, comparability, internal consistency reliability and validity of THI-S. RESULTS: The severity of tinnitus handicap and the relevant psychological distress greatly varied across individuals. The THI-S responses were comparable to original THI responses, regardless of hearing status of patients. The internal consistency of THI-S responses was found to be good for total score (Cronbach's alpha=0.83-0.91), with moderately high consistency for the emotional, functional, and catastrophic subscales. Significant (p<0.01) correlations of the THI-S with the THI (r(s)=0.95) as well as with the BEPSI, STAI, BDI questionnaires (r(s)=0.40-0.45) suggest that the THI-S questionnaire appeared to be useful to provide objective data of subjective tinnitus handicap as well as predict psychological distress. Three factors were extracted through factor analysis, which explained 73% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Despite reducing the length of 25 items of THI to 10 items, the THI-S can be used as s a simple but reliable and valid tool for evaluating severity of tinnitus handicap as well as detecting its negative impact on psychological functioning.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Hearing ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tinnitus*