PURPOSE: This study examined degrees of irrational parenthood cognition, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), spousal support, and quality of life and investigated factors that influence the quality of life of infertile women. METHODS: Research design was a cross sectional correlational survey with a total of 113 female patients receiving treatment for infertility. Data were collected from August 1 to November 30, 2015. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean score of the quality of life was 59.0±14.8. The quality of life was significantly associated with irrational parenthood cognition (r=-.70), post traumatic stress disorder (r=-.65), and spousal support (r=.56). The factors significantly affecting the quality of life in infertile women were irrational parenthood cognition (β=-.45), post traumatic stress disorder (β=-.34), and spousal support (β=.32). The explained variance by these factors was 70.4%, and the regression model was valid (F=89.81, p<.001). CONCLUSION: This study may contribute to the development of nursing intervention program to improve the quality of life of infertile women.
Cognition* ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Nursing ; Quality of Life* ; Research Design ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic*

BACKGROUND: To reduce the disadvantages with both epidural and spinal block, a combined spinal epidural(CSE) technique was introduced by Brownridge in 1981. The effect of the combined spinal-epidural block was compared with the spinal block for elective cesarean section. METHODS: Fifty healthy parturients were randomly divided into a spinal(n=20) group and a CSE(n=30) group. In the spinal group, 0.5 ml of 5% meperidine(25 mg) mixed with 40~50 mg of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine was injected into the subarachnoid space . In the CSE group, 0.5 ml of 5% meperidine also was injected into the subarachnoid space through a long 26-gauge Quincke needle, which was introduced through an 18-gauge Tuohy needle. An epidural catheter was then inserted and 1.5% lidocaine 7~9 ml was given. RESULTS: 1) The mean time interval from the end of drug injection to T4 sensory block was 3.6?1.0 min in the CSE block and 3.6?1.2 min in the spinal block. The mean level of peak sensory block was T3.3?0.6 in the CSE block and T3.5?0.5 in the spinal block. The time interval between the end of drug injection and Bromage scale 0 of the CSE block(62.1?27.9 min) was significantly (p<0.0001) shorter than the spinal block(102.1?24.0 min). Hypotension ocurred in 14 patients(47%) of the CSE block and 10 patients(50%) of the spinal block. The surgical analgesia was exellent or good in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The CSE block using meperidine and hyperbaric lidocaine for cesarean section resulted in rapid onset, good surgical analgesia and rapid motor recovery. And incidence of hypotension of the both groups was not significantly different.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Catheters ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Lidocaine* ; Meperidine* ; Needles ; Pregnancy ; Subarachnoid Space

This study has been focused on understandings for the problems of dietitian who perform nutrition service in the field of industry foodservice and then focused on using of its findings as basic material for smooth nutrition service performance through analyzing job satisfaction, job characteristic and its importance of dietitians' task in industry foodservice. A questionnaire survey of 120 nutritionists who have engaged themselves in industry foodservice-60 are under direct management and 60, held in trust-has been performed, and 95 responses (79%) have been collected and categorized, except some unfinished responses. The examined data have been classified statistically by using of SPSS, and then analyzed into frequency, percentage, mean value, standard deviation, and correlation among factors, according to questionnaires. The findings of the research can be summarized as following: The details of the surveyed dietitians were: 20~25 years old on an average; working less than two years; college graduates; mere employees; receiving monthly pay of 70~100 won on an average; working more than 52 hours weekly; and providing with four meals a day in a single menu. For job satisfaction and job characteristic, the service itself and the understanding of the service appear as main features. For the relative importance of the service, the findings show that the menu making, sanitation and cost control occupy an important position, while nutrition counseling, nutrition education and dietary control by ailments make up very low portion. For the cause of not enacting the nutrition service, the lack of counseling ability and the overburden of food service are at the top. The findings of this research, therefore, present the needs of the service capacity education and the reduction of excessive foodservice hours of dietitians in order to secure the efficient nutrition service in industry foodservice. To achieve this goal, first of all, there should be an intensive education course in school by using of practice hours. for enhancing practical service adaptability, and then the computerization of foodservice should be executed perfectly to reduce the excessive foodservice hours.
Cost Control ; Counseling ; Education ; Food Services ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction* ; Meals ; Nutritionists* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sanitation

Purpose: The sonographic differential diagnosis of umbilical polyps and granulomas in children based on correlations with pathologic findings. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the ultrasonographic findings of twenty-two umbilical masses in children that were pathologically confirmed as umbilical polyps or umbilical granulomas by surgery. We analyzed size, depth, echogenicity, internal content, intralesional vascularity, and the presence of unobliterated medial umbilical ligament. Pathologic correlation was performed for all of the umbilical masses. Results: Twenty-two masses consisted of eight umbilical polyps and fourteen umbilical granulomas. The mean age of the children with umbilical polyps was 30.13 months (range, 2 to 108 months) and it was 1.33 months (range, 0.6 to 3 months) for the children with umbilical granulomas. The average mass sizes were 10.25 mm (range, 5 to 35 mm) for umbilical polyps and 6.21 mm (range, 3 to 10 mm) for umbilical granulomas. The umbilical polyps were manifested as cystic lesions with thick echogenic walls in five patients (62.5%), which were associated with the intestinal mucosa (four lesions) and ectopic pancreatic tissue (one lesion) on pathology. Umbilical granulomas were superficially located in 13 (92.9%) and solid in thirteen (92.9%), which correlated with prominent granulation tissues on pathology. Seven (87.5%) of the eight umbilical granulomas were hypervascular and correlated with neovascularization on pathologic examination. Conclusion The umbilical polyps revealed deep-seated, hypovascular nodules with cyst formation surrounded by thick echogenic walls. In contrast, the umbilical granulomas revealed superficially located hypervascular hypoechoic solid nodules in young infants.

Sleep disorder has been portrayed as merely a common dissatisfaction with sleep quality and quantity. However, sleep disorder is actually a medical condition characterized by inconsistent sleep patterns that interfere with emotional dynamics, cognitive functioning, and even physical performance. This is consistent with sleep abnormalities being more common in patients with autonomic dysfunction than in the general population. The autonomic nervous system coordinates various visceral functions ranging from respiration to neuroendocrine secretion in order to maintain homeostasis of the body. Because the cell population and efferent signals involved in autonomic regulation are spatially adjacent to those that regulate the sleep-wake system, sleep architecture and autonomic coordination exert effects on each other, suggesting the presence of a bidirectional relationship in addition to shared pathology.The primary goal of this review is to highlight the bidirectional and shared relationship between sleep and autonomic regulation. It also introduces the effects of autonomic dysfunction on insomnia, breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, parasomnias, and movement disorders. This information will assist clinicians in determining how neuromodulation can have the greatest therapeutic effects in patients with sleep disorders.

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the connection between handwashing and toothbrushing, focusing on eating habits, and to verify whether eating habits can be used as an action cue for forming health habits. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2019 community health survey. The participants included 229,099 adults aged 19 years or older, representative of the South Korean people. We employed two dependent variables: one was washing hands, and the other was brushing teeth. Eating habits was a major independent variable. Socioeconomic variables, such as age, gender, income, occupation, economic activity, education, and residence were adjusted as confounders. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Most of the participants had good health behaviors: those who wash their hands and brush their teeth were each approximately 80%. Our finding indicated that brushing teeth and washing hands can be connected with eating habits. After adjusting for confounders, it was found that people who wash their hands before meals (compared to those who did not wash their hands before meals) had a higher toothbrushing rate after meals (i.e., socioeconomic status) (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 2.0, Confidence Intervals: 1.9 to 2.1). Conclusion Those who practice either washing hands before meals or brushing teeth after meals were found to have a connection between washing hands and brushing teeth based on the results of practicing other health behaviors. This implies that eating habits can be connected as a behavior cue to promote health habits, such as washing hands before meals and brushing teeth after meals.

PURPOSE: We investigated the correlations between the expression of claudin-1 and claudin-7 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (clear cell RCC) and clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of this study were 119 patients with confirmed clear cell RCC between January 2000 and December 2007. Their RCC tissues were immunohistochemically stained for claudin-1 and claudin-7. The correlations between the expression of claudin and parameters such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), tumor size, TNM stage, Furhman nuclear grade, postoperative distant metastasis, and cancer-specific survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the total 119 subjects, claudin-1 was expressed in 18 (15.1%) and claudin- 7 in 31 (26.1%). Claudin-1 was expressed in patients who were older (p=0.007), who had a greater tumor size (p=0.001), who had a higher pathologic T stage (p=0.009), who had preoperative distant metastasis (p=0.035), and who had a higher Furhman nuclear grade (p=0.004). Claudin-7 was expressed only in patients who had a higher Furhman nuclear grade (p=0.031). The risk of postoperative distant metastasis was associated with the expression of claudin-1 (p<0.001) but not with the expression of claudin-7 (p=0.668). The expression of claudin-1 and -7 was not associated with cancer-specific survival (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In clear cell RCC, claudin-1 was expressed in patients who were older and who had a greater tumor size, who had higher T or M stages, and who had a higher Furhman nuclear grade. The expression of claudin-1 was associated with a higher risk of postoperative distant metastasis.
Body Mass Index ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Claudin-1 ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis

The purpose of this study was comparing the serial change of serum creatinine and Resistive Index (RI) after renal transplantation. From Jul. 1995 to Feb. 1997, we examined Doppler sonography for 32 out of 99 patients, who were undertaken renal transplantation, whose resistive index were taken at POD #1 and POD #5 and named initial resistive index. The late resistive index were examined when they discharged or when the acute rejection was suspicious. The RI rejection group, which was consist of 22 out of 32 patients, were selected whose late resistive index were increased more 0.05 than inital resistive index. The RI control group, which was consist of 10 out of 32 patients, was selected whose late resistive index were not more 0.05 than initial resistive index. The group which was consist of 21 patient, had over 1.8 mg/dL of serum creatinine. The rest, 11 patients, had not more than 1.8 mg/dL of serum creatinine. The Student's T-test was used for the statistical analysis. In the RI rejection group, late RI value (0.77+/-0.04) was significantly higher than initial RI (p<0.05) and the increase of RI in the acute rejection group were significantly greater than that in the control group (p<0.05). With the serial changes of late RI more 0.05 than initial RI, we obtained 85.0% of sensitivity and 58.3% of specificity for the prediction of the acute rejection. In the patients with the serum creatinine over 1.8 mg/dL, the sensitivity was 85.0% and the specificity was 66.7%. In the patients with the serum creatinine over 1.8 mg/dL and increased RI over 0.05, the sensitivity was 94.1% and specificity was 66.7%. The result shows that serial changes of duplex Doppler scan and the level of serum creatinine after renal transplantation were not enough to predict acute rejection. But the correlation of the result show more higher sensitivity. We suggest to be able to use the Doppler sonography and serial changes of serum creatinine level with the other clinical findings to predict the acute rejection after renal transplantation.
Creatinine* ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to forecast changes in the prevalence of chronic diseases and health expenditure by age group. METHODS: Based on the Future Elderly Model, this study projects the size of Korean population, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and health expenditure over the 2014-2040 period using two waves (2012, 2013) of the Korea Health Panel and National Health Insurance Service database. RESULTS: First, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases by 2040. The population with hypertension increases 2.04 times; the diabetes increases 2.43 times; and the cancer increases 3.38 times. Second, health expenditure on chronic diseases increases as well. Health expenditure on hypertension increases 4.33 times (1,098,753 million won in 2014 to 4,760,811 million won in 2040); diabetes increases 5.34 times (792,444 million won in 2014 to 4,232,714 million won in 2040); and cancer increases 6.09 times (4,396,223 million won in 2014 to 26,776,724 million won in 2040). Third, men and women who belong to the early middle-aged group (44-55 years old) as of 2014, have the highest increase rate in health spending. CONCLUSION: Most Korean literature on health expenditure estimation employs a macro-simulation approach and does not fully take into account personal characteristics and behaviors. Thus, this study aims to benefit medical administrators and policy makers to frame effective and targeted health policies by analyzing personal-level data with a microsimulation model and providing health expenditure projections by age group.
Administrative Personnel ; Aged* ; Chronic Disease* ; Female ; Health Expenditures* ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Male ; National Health Programs ; Prevalence

Esmolol is rapid ultrashort-acting, cardioselective beta1-adrenergic blocker and that is used for attenuation of acute hypertension associated with rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia. A 35-year-old severe preeclamptic patient was scheduled for elective cesarean section. After preoxygenation, anesthesia induced with using penthotal sodium 250 mg, esmolol 25 mg, and succinylcholine 62.5 mg for endotrachial intubation. We detected to increase airway resistance during manual ventilation. Breathing sound was auscultated wheezing and ronchi. And then cyanosis was developed and oxygen saturation was decreased to below 75%. After 20 min, patient's color was returned to pink and patient's self-respiratory function was good. Bronchospasm occured because that beta-adrencergic blockade with esmolol, by leaving the parasympathetic and alpha-adrencrgic influence relatively unopposed. We report bronchospasm after esmolol 25 mg was injeected for attenuation of acute hypertensive response for cesarean section of preeclamptic patient with rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia.
Adult ; Airway Resistance ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Bronchial Spasm* ; Cesarean Section ; Cyanosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intubation ; Oxygen ; Pregnancy ; Respiratory Sounds ; Sodium ; Succinylcholine ; Ventilation