No abstract available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Intestinal Mucosa*

PURPOSE: In this study a system dynamics methodology was used to identify correlation and nonlinear feedback structure among factors affecting unplanned extubation (UE) of ICU patients and to construct and verify a simulation model. METHODS: Factors affecting UE were identified through a theoretical background established by reviewing literature and preceding studies and referencing various statistical data. Related variables were decided through verification of content validity by an expert group. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was made based on the variables. Stock & Flow modeling using Vensim PLE Plus Version 6.0b was performed to establish a model for UE. RESULTS: Based on the literature review and expert verification, 18 variables associated with UE were identified and CLD was prepared. From the prepared CLD, a model was developed by converting to the Stock & Flow Diagram. Results of the simulation showed that patient stress, patient in an agitated state, restraint application, patient movability, and individual intensive nursing were variables giving the greatest effect to UE probability. To verify agreement of the UE model with real situations, simulation with 5 cases was performed. Equation check and sensitivity analysis on TIME STEP were executed to validate model integrity. CONCLUSION: Results show that identification of a proper model enables prediction of UE probability. This prediction allows for adjustment of related factors, and provides basic data do develop nursing interventions to decrease UE.
Adult ; Airway Extubation/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Models, Theoretical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to assess emergency room nurses' knowledge and performance of triage nursing. METHODS: The instrument was developed through the stages of conceptual construction, item development, and validity and reliability testing. For the validity and reliability testing, data collected from 48 emergency room nurses using questionnaires was analyzed through descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and reliability coefficients. RESULTS: The knowledge part consisted of 30 items in nine areas, and its reliability was low (KR-20 =0.50). The correct answer rate was 71.8%. The performance section derived from the factor analysis was composed of two factors with nine items in the triage domain and three factors with 12 items in the non triage domain. The explanatory powers of these factors for the domains were 66.1% and 70.4%, respectively. The overall reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was .95, and the reliabilities for the two domains were .88 and .91, respectively. The nurses' mean performance level was 3.2(+/-0.45). CONCLUSION: The specific contents of the triage nursing work were identified from the developed scale; further research is necessary to in order to develop a scale capable of higher reliability and validity.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Nursing* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Triage*

No abstract available.
Lichens* ; Mucinosis, Follicular*

No Abstract Available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Chemokines, CXC* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; NF-kappa B*

No Abstract Available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Chemokines, CXC* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; NF-kappa B*

The authors reviewed 3145 pediatric patients who visited the emergecy room in this hospital during 3yrs period from Jan. 1989 to Dec. 1991. 1) Among the patients visiting the emergency room, the patients under 15 years of age were 26.4% (3145) of total emergency patients (11930). 2) yearly distribution of patients were decreased 17% between 1989 and 1991. 3) Monthly distribution of visits showed higher incidence in June and July. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. 4) Weekly distribution of visits showed higher incidence on Sunday and Saturday, relatively. 5) Most popular time of visiting the emergency room was between 8:00 PM to 12:00 PM during which time 29.5% of all pediatric patient were seen. 6) Distribution of age showed peak incidence between 6 and 12 years of age (30.9%). 7) 65.18% of total emergency room isits were pediatric patients. 8) Distribution of cases was as follows: Respiratory disease 37%, accident, GI disease in turn listed respectively in ecreasing order of freqency. 9) The admission rate through emergency was 8.5% of total pediatric emergency patients. 10) 82.3% of total emergency visits had medical insurance coverage, 7% had no insurance and 10.7% were on medical aid program.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Insurance Coverage ; Male

PURPOSE: In this study a systematic review and meta-analysis was used to examine the variables related to self-leadership in Korean clinical nurses. METHODS: A search and screening of the literature uncovered, 49 related studies done between 2003 and 2016 were then reviewed. A meta-analysis of 44 studies from doctoral dissertations, master's thesis and published articles was also carried out. The correlational effect size (ESr) for each related variable was calculated. RESULTS: Sixty-nine related variables were identified from the systematic review. Twenty-three (5 personal, 13 professional and 5 organizational) variables were eligible for meta-analysis. The overall effect size was .47. The personal factors (ESr=.48) and the professional factors (ESr=.44) had larger effect size than the organizational factors (ESr=.28). Factors with the largest effect size among personal, professional and organizational factors were self-efficacy (ESr=.58), nursing service (ESr=.68) and supervisor's leadership (ESr=.36) respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that for Korean clinical nurses individual factors including personal or professional factors have a stronger impact on self-leadership than organizational factors. It is necessary to develop interventions and training programs which focus on improving self-efficacy to promote self-leadership in clinical nurses.
Education ; Humans ; Leadership ; Mass Screening ; Nursing Services

PURPOSE: Fever in newborn might be an indicator of serious bacterial infection. Differentiating environmental from disease-related temperature elevations in newborn is clinically important, because neonate with environment-related temperature elevation might be subjected to an unnecessary work-up to detect occult disease. But there are exists no consistent conclusions about environmental effect in previous literatures. We prospectively evaluated the effect of bundling on body temperature. METHODS: Twenty-five well, full-term newborns within 1 week old were assigned to the control group (one blanket) or to the study group (five blankets and hat). Rectal and axillary temperatures and arousal states were measured at 15-minute interval for 2 hours. RESULTS: There were 13 control and 12 study newborns. The mean axillary temperature of contol group increased by 0.21 degrees C; mean rectal temperature increased by 0.23 degrees C. The mean axillary temperature of study group increased by 0.63degrees C; mean rectal temperature increased by 0.56 degrees C. Comparing study newborns to controls, there were significant rises in both axillary temperature and rectal temperature. One newborn of the study group reached 38.3 degrees C in rectal temperature. CONCLUSION: Bundling can cause significant elevations in axillary and rectal temperature in newborn within 1 week old. Therefore, physicians treating neonates with elevated temperature should question whether to use bundling to differentiate endogenous from exogenous causes.
Arousal ; Bacterial Infections ; Body Temperature* ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Prospective Studies

In situ hybridization using radioactively labeled(S) and nonradioactively labeled probes was performed to detect HPV DNA and to compare the sensitivity of two probes in 17 patients with genital warts showing atypical manifestations. HPV 6/ll was found in 100%(3/3) of the flat type, 50%(2/4) of the pigmented type and 66.7%(2/3) of the flat and pigmented type (except bowenoid papulosis) and 66.7%(2/3) of the large extensive type. However HPV 16/18 was not found at all. In bowenaid papulosis, HPV 16/18 was detected in 25% (1/4) of the cases but HPV 6/11 was negative in all cases. There was no significant difference between the sensitivity of radioactiue and nonradioactive probes. HPV 6/11 was positive in the giant condyloma acuminata complicated with squamous cell carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Condylomata Acuminata* ; DNA* ; Humans* ; In Situ Hybridization