The development of CT scanning has revolutionized the role of radiology in the management of the pediatric head trauma. The procedure is safe and can be repeated to reassess a changing neurologic picture, thereby correlation the clinical and pathologic changes. This study included evaluation of CT of 178 infants and children with head trauma during the period of 31 months from Feb. 1979 to Aug. 1981 in the department of radiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University. 1. Age distribution of the total 178 pediatric patients was ranging from one month to 16 years. The pediatric patient population was comprised of 128 males and 50 females, and its male to female ratio was about 2.5:1. The incidence of age occurring in 3 to 6 years was 38.2% and 7 to 10 years was29.2%. Therefore the distribution of age between 3 to 6 years and 7 to 10 years was occurred in two-thirds of allpediatric patients. 2. Of all cases of injuries, traffic accidents were 60.1% and falls were 34.8%. 3. Skull fractures were roentgenographically detected in 61 (34.3%). However, the incidence of fractures in pretoddler group (0-2 years) was 61.1% and 7 to 10 years was 37.8%, 3 to 6 years was 36.8%. Most common site of skull fracture was occipital bone, next parietal bone. 4. 54.8% of pediatric head trauma due to a fall had a skull fracture, as did25.2% of those who were injured in traffic accident. 5. Cerebral CT of the total 178 pediatric patients were revealed as following study; Normal was 74.2%, epidural hematoma was 8.9%, subdural hematoma was 5.1%, Cerebral contusion was 4.5%, intracerebral hematoma was 2.2% etc. 6. Of 25 cases of the epidural and subdural hematoma, Supratentorial area was 15 cases, infratentorial area was 10 cases. 7. Most of the epidural hematoma was demonstrated a clear mental state. 8. However, intracerebral hematoma and cerebral contusion were occurred almost impairment of mental state.
Accidental Falls ; Accidents, Traffic ; Age Distribution ; Child ; Contusions ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Female ; Head ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Occipital Bone ; Parietal Bone ; Skull Fractures ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

CT is a new non-invasive diagnostic imaging method, which has ability to differentiate D.S.F., hematoma, and even edematous brain from normal brain tissue. Prior to the introduction of the CT, the diagnosis of the intraventricular hemorrhage in living patients was difficult and was confirmed by surgery or autopsy. Intracranial hemorrhages are visible on the CT with density higher than brain tissue in acute phase. CT is an accurate method for detecting of intraventricular hemorrhage including detection of nature, location, amount, and associated changes. CT is also useful as a surgical guidance and in the evaluation of fate of the hematomas by easily performable follow up studies. The causes of the intraventricular hemorrhages are hypertension, rupture of aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, head trauma, brain tumor, and others. This study included evaluation of CT of 69 patients who show the high density in cerebral ventricular system during the period of 31 months fromFeb.1979 to Aug. 1981 in the department of radiology, college of medicine, Hanyang University. The results were as follows. 1. Age distribution of the total 69 patients was broad ranging from 1 month to 80 years. 28% of patients were in the 6th decade. The male to female ratio was 2:1. 2. The consciousness of patients at CT study: Those were conscious in 11 cases, stuporous in 41 cases and unconscious in 17 cases. 3. The causes of intraventricular hemorrhages were hypertension in 28 cases, head trauma in 12 cases, aneurysm in 4 cases, tumor in 2 cases and others in 23 cases. 4. 9 cases showed intraventricular hematomas only, other 60 cases showed associated intracranial hematomas: Those were intracerebral hematomas in 53 cases including 30 cases of basal ganglial & thalamic hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages in 17 cases, epidural hematomas in 3 cases, and subdural hematomas in2 cases. 5. All cases of the intraventricular hematomas except one showed hematoma in the lateral ventricles, hematomas in the 3rd ventricle in 35 cases, and hematomas in the 4th ventricle in 29 cases. 6. 28 out of 69 cases showed dilatation of the lateral ventricles. 7. Only 8 out of 69 cases were improved remarkably, 11 cases were slightly improved, and 48 cases were expired. The overall mortality was 70%. 8. The consciousness of the patient at the CT study and possibly the associated intracerbral hematoma play an important role in mortality. The age of the patients, causes of hemorrhages, presence of ventricular dilatation, and methods of treatment did not affect the mortality.
Age Distribution ; Aneurysm ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Autopsy ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Cerebral Ventricles ; Consciousness ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Dilatation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fourth Ventricle ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Lateral Ventricles ; Male ; Methods ; Mortality ; Rupture ; Stupor ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Third Ventricle

Nickel is widely known as a common source of contact dermatitis and nickel sensitivity amounts to nearly 10 percent of allergic contact dermatitis patients. Common sources of nickel dermatitis are well known as necklaces, watches, rings, hooks, earrings and spectacle frames. Recently, we have seen five cases of nickel dermatitis the suspected sources of which were metal spectacle frames. The interim patch test result in our occupational and environmental clinic suggests that the metal spectacle frame is one of the most common sources of nickel dermatitis. Out of 84 medical students 27 wore metal spectacle frames. We have done a dimethylglyoxime spot test to the metal spectacle frames and got a positive result in 12 out of 27(44.4%). We conclude that metal spectacle frame seems to be one of the dominant causes of nickel dermatitis and it will be an increasing problem in our society.
Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Ear ; Humans ; Nickel ; Patch Tests ; Students, Medical

This study adopts the phenomenological approach in order to explore the experience of urinary felt by the small island women and to find the meaning and structure of their experience, for the further understanding of them. This study succeeded in detecting five topics and three basic structure from eight participants, and followings are the comprehensive statement of them. The five topics include neglect of care after childbirth, unavoidable life in the tidal flat, shame which cannot be expressed even to their husbands, endless anxiety toward the expected future, and sad(dilemmatic) lived experience. The basic structure is that small island women who have urinary incontinence are apt to regard their disease as a natural destiny of women who fail to get adequate care after childbirth, and something to be endured to live in the seashore. They think of urinary incontinence as something so shameful that they cannot reveal it even to their husband and family. They believe that it even changes their personality since they must always stay alert in order to cope with the situation; for example, when it takes place unexpectedly, like too often to go to toilet, to change the underwears, to wake up in the middle of the night to go to toilet, to try not to laugh loudly, or to have showers. In addition, they accept it as a natural process of aging and incurable disease, and they consider themselves already ruined on the way of becoming uglier. They show dilemmatic abandonment: give it up unwillingly but at the same time think it is natural for others too. The unique experience of small island women with urinary incontinence implied in those statement are inseparable with the specific conditions for survival in the island. Unlike other diseases, it is considered the result of traditionally poor care after childbirth. However this misunderstanding that it is a natural phenomena for all the women who experience childbirth and aging and thereby incurable leads to an undesirable attitude toward urinary incontinence. According to the analysis, environmental conditions specific for small islands make the women there have distinct and unique experience concerned with urinary incontinence. Consequently, the future nursing plan for urinary incontinence in the small island area must be made and enforced with the consideration of these specific phenomenological meanings. Modern Korean nursing has basically been centered to hospital or urban areas. Besides, nursing intervention has long depended upon the research of western countries. This research, however, shows how greatly the regional and cultural characteristics influence the understanding of a certain disease, and is expected to make more specific and in-depth nursing approach enable for those who have urinary incontinence in small islands.
Aging ; Anxiety ; Cultural Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Islands ; Nursing ; Parturition ; Shame ; Spouses ; Urinary Incontinence*

No abstract available.
C-Reactive Protein* ; Female ; Obstetric Labor, Premature* ; Pregnancy ; Tocolysis*

No abstract available.
Cervix Uteri* ; Chlamydia trachomatis* ; Chlamydia* ; Female

OBJECTIVE: Human embryonic stem (ES) cells have a great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The human ES cells could be differentiated into specific cell types by treatments of growth factors and alterations of gene expressions. However, the efficacy of guided differentiation and isolation of specific cells are still low. In this study, we characterized isolated cells from differentiated human ES cells by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) system using specific antibodies to cell surface markers. METHODS: The undifferentiated hES cells (Miz-hESC4) were sub-cultured by mechanical isolation of colonies and embryoid bodies were spontaneously differentiated with DMEM containing 10% FBS for 2 weeks. The differentiated cells were isolated to positive and negative cells with MACS system using CD34, human epithelial antigen (HEA) and human fibroblast (HFB) antibodies, respectively. Observation of morphological changes and analysis of marker genes expression were performed during further culture of MACS isolated cells for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Morphology of the CD34 positive cells was firstly round, and then it was changed to small polygonal shape after further culture. The HEA positive cells showed large polygonal, and the HFB positive spindle shape. In RT-PCR analysis of marker genes, the CD34 and HFB positive cells expressed endodermal and mesodermal genes, and HEA positive cells expressed ectodermal genes such as NESTIN and NF68KD. The marker genes expression pattern of CD34 positive cells changed during the extension of culture time. CONCLUSION: Our results showed the possibility of successful isolation of specific cells by MACS system from undirected differentiated human ES cells. Thus, MACS system and marker antibodies for specific cell types might be useful for guided differentiation and isolation of specific cells from human ES cells.
Antibodies ; Ectoderm ; Embryoid Bodies ; Endoderm ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Expression ; Humans* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mesoderm ; Nestin ; Regenerative Medicine ; Tissue Engineering

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the conceptual structure of stressors experienced by nursing students during clinical practice. METHODS: Ten men and 10 women nursing college students were interviewed. The results were 208 ideas. By synthesizing and editing these ideas, the final statement was trimmed down to 39 questions. The next step was to have the participants classify these 39 final questions. They were asked to rate stress scores using a five-point scale. Through multidimensional scaling analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis yielded dimensions and clusters. RESULTS: Results of the study showed 2 dimensions which were classified as 'interpersonal relationship-practice system' and 'identity-practice environment'. It also yielded 8 clusters which were classified as 'role confusion', 'gender discrimination', 'attitudes of medical personnel and patients', 'comparison between fellow students', 'difference between theory and practice', 'disestablishing the role of practice guide', 'interference with training', and 'problems of the practice environment'. Further, stress factors and stress levels were differentiated depending on the gender of the student. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that educators who are developing clinical practice programs and clinical practitioners should consider stressors during clinical practice and the educational implications to nursing students.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing ; Students, Nursing*

The study was designed to identify the attitude of nursing students to fundamental nursing practice through Q-methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of the literature and interviews. Forty statements made up the finalized Q-sample. The P sample consisted of 25 nursing students in S College. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the 25 subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sort by each subject was coded and analyzed with QUANL PC Program. The analysis discovered three major attitudes, namely "type 1: passive demand", "type 2: active self-confidence", "type 3: practical application". The correlation was .213 between type 1 and 2, .409 between type 1 and 3, .379 between t ype 2 and 3. The results revealed three different types of fundamental nursing practice attitude; 1) Passive demand type: they were not satisfied with fundamental nursing practice time, the number of persons, practice machines. They presented anxiety and worry through fundamental nursing practice. Therefore, they will presenta passive attitude of clinical practice experience. 2) Active self-confidence type: they experienced pride as a nursing student and fascination as a nurse was an acquired recognition. 3) Practical application type: they practiced that fundamental nursing skill was applied their family and oneself. Therefore they had tension through initial fundamental nursing practice but they gained self-confidence and interest through practical study. In conclusion, the researchers suggest that the education program would be more effective if it was planned considering to each types of attitude of nursing students for fundamental nursing practice.
Anxiety ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing

The study was designed to identify the attitude of nursing students to fundamental nursing practice through Q-methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of the literature and interviews. Forty statements made up the finalized Q-sample. The P sample consisted of 25 nursing students in S College. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the 25 subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sort by each subject was coded and analyzed with QUANL PC Program. The analysis discovered three major attitudes, namely "type 1: passive demand", "type 2: active self-confidence", "type 3: practical application". The correlation was .213 between type 1 and 2, .409 between type 1 and 3, .379 between t ype 2 and 3. The results revealed three different types of fundamental nursing practice attitude; 1) Passive demand type: they were not satisfied with fundamental nursing practice time, the number of persons, practice machines. They presented anxiety and worry through fundamental nursing practice. Therefore, they will presenta passive attitude of clinical practice experience. 2) Active self-confidence type: they experienced pride as a nursing student and fascination as a nurse was an acquired recognition. 3) Practical application type: they practiced that fundamental nursing skill was applied their family and oneself. Therefore they had tension through initial fundamental nursing practice but they gained self-confidence and interest through practical study. In conclusion, the researchers suggest that the education program would be more effective if it was planned considering to each types of attitude of nursing students for fundamental nursing practice.
Anxiety ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing