No abstract available.
Oocytes* ; Pregnancy* ; Spermatozoa*

No abstract available.
Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fertilization in Vitro*

No abstract available.
Paralysis* ; Tourniquets*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of parenting stress in North Korean refugee fathers on their parenting behavior. METHODS: A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected during 2014 and 2015 in a settlement support center for North Korean refugees and 99 North Korean refugee fathers participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. RESULTS: Warmth·encouragement parenting behavior received the highest score. The score for parenting stress was 81.98 out of 180, and 32.3% of participants were found to need professional help (≥PSI 90). There were significant negative correlations between warmth·encouragement parenting behavior and parenting stress. There were also significant positive correlations between rejection·neglect parenting behavior and parenting stress. Predictors of warmth·encouragement behavior were parent-child dysfunctional interaction which explained 10.1% of the variance. Predictors of rejection·neglect behavior were parent-child dysfunctional interaction, number of children and wife's education level which explained 33.4% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Findings show that North Korean refugee fathers' parenting stress significantly influenced warmth·encouragement and rejection·neglect parenting behavior indicating a need to identify ways to decrease parenting stress. Parenting education can guide North Korean refugee fathers to strengthen parent-child positive interactions and therefore promote their children's growth and development.
Child ; Education ; Education, Nonprofessional ; Fathers* ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Refugees*

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to construct a hypothetical structural model which explains the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in adolescent girls and to test the fitness with collected data. METHODS: The participants were 1,087 adolescent girls from 3 high schools and 5 middle schools in B city. Data were collected from July 3 to October 15, 2012 using self-reported questionnaires and were analyzed using PASW 18.0 and AMOS 16.0 programs. RESULTS: The overall fitness indices of hypothetical model were good (chi2 =1555, p<.001), chi2/df=4.40, SRMR=.04, GFI=.91, RMSEA=.05, NFI=.90, TLI=.91, CFI=.92, AIC=1717). Out of 16 paths, 12 were statistically significant. Daily hassles had the greatest impact on PMS in the adolescent girls in this model. In addition, PMS in adolescent girls was directly affected by menarche age, Body Mass Index (BMI), amount of menstruation, test anxiety, social support, menstrual attitude and femininity but not by academic stress. This model explained 27% of the variance in PMS in adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study suggest that nursing interventions to reduce PMS in adolescent girls should address their daily hassles, test anxiety, menstrual attitude and BMI. Also, social support from their parents, friends, and teachers needs to be increased.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical ; Premenstrual Syndrome/*psychology ; Psychology, Adolescent ; Questionnaires ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological

Current immunosuppressants have nonspecific immuosuppressive effects, and are not helpful for tolerance induction. Consequently, transplant patients cannot discontinue using them, and their nonspecific immunosuppressive effects result in many side effects, including infection and malignancy. However, most of cellular immunotherapy can have donor antigen-specific immunsuppressive effects. Therefore, cell therapy could be an alternative or adjunctive to nonspecific immunosuppressants. Polyclonal or antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells have been actively tried for prevention of acute rejection, treatment of chronic rejection, or tolerance induction in clinical trials. Regulatory macrophages are also under clinical trials for kidney transplant patients. IL-10-secreting type 1 regulatory T cells and donor- or recipient-derived tolerogenic dendritic cells will also be used for immunoregulation in clinical trials of kidney transplantation. These cells have antigen-specific immunoregulatory effects. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have good proliferative capacity and immunosuppressive actions independently of major histocompatibility complex; therefore, even third-party MSCs can be stored and used for many patients. Cell therapy using various immunoregulatory cells is now promising for not only reducing side effects of nonspecific immunosuppressants but also induction of immune tolerance, and is expected to contribute to better outcomes in transplant patients.
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy* ; Dendritic Cells ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Immunotherapy ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Macrophages ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Tissue Donors

No abstract available.
Iron*

STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective study of 38 patients undergoing lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation 200 pedicle hole were tested intraoperatively using electrical stimulation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the searching stimulus intensity at pedicle in Korean and to identify the most vulnerable root in transpedicular screw fixation of lumbosacral spine. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Electromyelogram(EMG) was monitored from eight lower extremity muscles bilaterally. Constant current stimulation pulses(0.2msec duration) were delivered through a ball-tipped nasopharyngeal probe used to evaluate each pedicle hole, and evaluated for searching stimulus intensity, the current necessary to evoked EMG RESULTS: The searching stimulus intensity above 5 mA were 194 cases(97.0%), above 7mA 151cases(75.5%), above 10 mA 107 cases(53.5%) and below 5 mA were 6 cases(3.0%). The vastus medialis muscle is most sensitive in L2(100%), L3(83.3%), tibialis anterior is in L4(68.4%), peroneus longus is in L5(44.2%) and gastrocnemious is in S1(64.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulus-evoked EMG monitoring is a valuable and efficacious adjunct to lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation. A stimulation threshold greater than 5 mA reliably indicates adequate screw position and the root located at infero-medial side of pedicle is most vulnerab18 in transpedicular screw fixation.
Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Muscles ; Prospective Studies ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Spine

No Abstract Available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Chemokines, CXC* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; NF-kappa B*

No Abstract Available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Chemokines, CXC* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; NF-kappa B*