No abstract available.
Interleukin-6* ; Rabbits*

Postoperative ileus (POI), a symptom that occurs after abdominal surgery, reduces gastrointestinal motility. Although its mechanism is unclear, POI symptoms are known to be caused by inflammation 6 to 72 h after surgery. As proton pump inhibitors exhibit protective effect against acute inflammation, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ilaprazole on a POI rat model. POI was induced in rats by abdominal surgery. Rats were divided into six groups: control: normal rat + 0.5% CMC-Na, vehicle: POI rat + 0.5% CMC-Na, mosapride: POI rat + mosapride 2 mg/kg, ilaprazole 1 mg/kg: POI rat + ilaprazole 1 mg/kg, ilaprazole 3 mg/kg: POI rat + ilaprazole 3 mg/kg, and ilaprazole 10 mg/kg: POI rat + ilaprazole 10 mg/kg. Gastrointestinal motility was confirmed by measuring gastric emptying (GE) and gastrointestinal transit (GIT). In the small intestine, inflammation was confirmed by measuring TNF-α and IL-1β; oxidative stress was confirmed by SOD, GSH, and MDA levels; and histological changes were observed by H&E staining. Based on the findings, GE and GIT were decreased in the vehicle group and improved in the ilaprazole 10 mg/kg group. In the ilaprazole 10 mg/kg group, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were decreased, SOD and GSH levels were increased, and MDA levels were decreased. Histological damage was also reduced in the ilaprazole-treated groups. These findings suggest that ilaprazole prevents the decrease in gastrointestinal motility, a major symptom of postoperative ileus, and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most frequently occurring dementia. Although accurate differentiation of dementia subtype is important in treatment perspective, it is not easy even using expensive and time-consuming devices. To evaluate diagnostic value of the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination as a dementia screening and whether the first recall (FR) and delayed recall(DR) of 3MS are helpful in differentiating AD from VaD. METHODS: Patients comprised of 64 cases diagnosed for dementia at the Neurology department. Diagnosis of probable AD (n=34) and VaD (n=30) were made according to consensus criteria. Cognitive status was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and 3MS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the optimal FR and DR for differentiating AD from VaD. Ninety-three age- and education-matched controls were evaluated. The neuropsychologist was blind to clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), diagnostic accuracy (DA), and positive likelihood ratio (+LR) of 3MS (cutoff score=76) were 0.75, 0.68, 0.70 and 2.34. The optimal score of FR and DR to differentiate AD from VaD were 2 (SN=0.81, SP=0.76, and +LR=3.38) and 1 (SN=0.81, SP=0.71, and +LR=2.79), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic value of 3MS is comparable to that of MMSE as well as covers broader cognitive functions and has wider difficulty levels. Among dementia patients, a low FR and DR scores on the 3MS produce small to moderate increases the post-test probability of AD.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Consensus ; Dementia ; Dementia, Vascular* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Neurology ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

A clinical observation was made on 92 patients of renal injury at the Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University during the period from January, 1980 to July, 1988. The results were as follows. 1. Among the 92 patients, 77 patients were male and 15 patients were female and most favorable age was 10 to 29 years for 41.3%. The most common injury was traffic accident for 39.1% and then fall down, assault, play and sport in order. 2. Associated injuries were seen in 34 patients, the most common injury was head injury. The most common clinical presentation was flank pain and tenderness for 92.4% and then hematuria, wound and bulging on flank, shock and abdominal pain in order. 3. Severity of renal injury was classified in 3 categories according to Scot's Classification. Among 92 patients, 50 patients were minor injury, major injury in 39 patients, pedicle injury in 3 patients. 4. Radiologic study was performed with excretory urography (86 cases), renal angiography (17 cases), RGP. (2 cases), abdominal sonography (7 cases) and abdominal C. T. was performed in recent years (12 cases). 5. All minor injuries were treated conservatively, pedicle injuries were nephrectomy, 21 patients of major injury were managed conservatively and 17 patients were managed operatively (14 cases: nephrectomy). 6. Among the 92 patients, complications were developed in 18 patients and then nephrectomy was performed in 5 patients.
Abdominal Pain ; Accidents, Traffic ; Angiography ; Classification ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Female ; Flank Pain ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Shock ; Sports ; Urography ; Urology ; Wounds and Injuries

BACKGROUND: The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a well-established and reliable cognitive screening instrument. However, recent investigations have reported limitations in the MMSE as a cognitive screening tool. The Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) taps a broader range of cognitive abilities by including evaluations of semantic fluency, delayed memory, remote personal information, and abstraction as well as those areas included in the MMSE. We report age- and education-specific reference values of the Korean Modified Mini-Mental State (K-3MS) Examination and the MMSE in the non-demented elderly population. We also evaluate the validity and reliability of the K-3MS for cognitive screening. METHODS: The K-3MS and the MMSE were administered to 112 dementia patients and 99 controls, aged 50~90 years old. K-WAIS, K-DRS, CDR were done with K-3MS in dementia patients. Test-retest reliability coefficients were obtained from 50 patients. NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD and NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD were used. RESULTS: The K-3MS correlated with the MMSE (r=0.94, p<0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the K-3MS was 0.872 and for the MMSE was 0.865. There was no statistically significant difference between both tests. The sensitivity and specificity of the K-3MS (cutoff score=72) for a dementia diagnosis were 0.83, 0.78 and those of the MMSE (cut-off score=23) were 0.78, 0.74. The K-3MS was found to have high test-retest reliability (r=0.93). CONCLUSIONS: The K-3MS is a reliable, valid, and stable cognitive screening instrument. The K-3MS is comparable to the MMSE as a dementia screening test.
Aged ; Dementia ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Reference Values ; Repression, Psychology ; Reproducibility of Results* ; ROC Curve ; Semantics ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Currently, lipid emulsion (LE) is widely used to treat local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). LE also ameliorates intractable cardiovascular collapse caused by lipid-soluble non-local anesthetic drug toxicity. This review aims to provide the underlying mechanism of LE resuscitation in drug toxicity (including LAST) and a detailed description of LE treatment and to discuss further research directions. We searched for relevant articles using the following keywords: “local anesthetic systemic toxicity or LAST or toxicity or intoxication or poisoning” and “Intralipid or lipid emulsion”. The underlying mechanisms of LE treatment can be classified into indirect and direct effects. One indirect effect known as the lipid shuttle is a commonly accepted mechanism of LE treatment. The lipid shuttle involves the absorption of highly lipid-soluble drugs (e.g., bupivacaine) from the heart and brain through the lipid phase, which are then delivered to the muscle, adipose tissue, and liver for storage and detoxification. The direct effects include inotropic effects, fatty acid supply, attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation, and inhibition of nitric oxide. These mechanisms appear to act synergistically to treat drug toxicity. The recommended protocol for LE treatment of LAST is as follows: a bolus administration of 20% LE at 1.5 ml/kg over 2–3 min followed by 20% LE at 0.25 ml/kg/min. LAST most commonly occurs after intravenous administration of local anesthetics. However, non-local anesthetic drugs that cause drug toxicity are orally administered. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing schedule of LE treatment for non-local anesthetic drug toxicity.

PURPOSE: The preoperative determination of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67 expression status is crucial because these factors influence the therapeutic response to endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and HER2-targeted therapy and help in the selection of adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. To evaluate the accuracy of core needle biopsy (CNB) in determining ER, PR, and HER2 status, and Ki-67 level status, we compared the results of CNB with those of surgical specimens. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 191 patients with breast cancer whose ER, PR, and HER2 status, and Ki-67 level status was analyzed using both CNB and surgical specimens between 2013 and 2015. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded from this study. ER, PR, and Ki-67 were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reported as the percentage of positively stained cells. The cutoff point was 1% for ER and PR, and 14% for Ki-67. HER2 was determined by IHC and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). HER2 positivity was defined as IHC 3+ or FISH (+). RESULTS: In correlation analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.950 for ER expression, 0.813 for PR expression, 0.847 for HER2 grade, and 0.817 for Ki-67 expression level (p<0.0001). According to criteria for ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67, the sensitivities of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 assessment in CNB were 92.6%, 88.8%, 100%, and 80.6%, respectively. The specificities of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 assessments in CNB were 90.7%, 86.0%, 99.1%, and 88.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 status in CNB specimens correlated well with their status in surgical specimens. The HER2 status was the most accurately assessed factor in CNB specimens when compared to its assessment in surgical specimens. However, Ki-67 levels in CNB specimens were lower than those in surgical specimens.

Two hundreds and twenty one consecutive patients with enlarged lymph nodes of neck areas were diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma by fine needle aspiration. The metastatic carcinomas were most frequent in the supraclavicular lymph nodes(p<0.05). As a primary site, lung, stomach, upper respiratory tract and breast were common sites in descending order of frequency. In overall cytologic types, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common in males(43%) while adenocarcinoma was the most common in females(72%) (p<0.05). While carcinomas of the esophagogastro -intestinal tract showed a tendency to metastasis to the left supraclavicular lymph nodes, the metastatic carcinomas of lung and breast usually metastasized to the same side primary cancers with predilection for the supraclavicular lymph nodes. The submandibular lymph nodes were frequently involved by the carcinoma of upper and lower respiratory tract, in which squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent cytologic type. diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology is the first step in the workup of patients with nodal enlargement suspicious for malignancy, particularly in metastatic carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neck* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Respiratory System ; Stomach

BACKGROUNDS: GH3 cells lack growth hormone(GH)-releasing hormone(GHRH) receptors. In this study, GH3 cells permanently transfected with human GHRH receptor cDNA(GH3-GHRHR cells), were established in order to examine the effects of GHRH and G protein mutation(gsp oncogene) on the levels of somatostatin receptor mRNA. METHODS: GH3 cells were permanently transfected with a plasmid expressing human GHRH receptor cDNA. The GHRH receptor mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. The responsiveness to GHRH was evaluated using a GHRH binding assay, Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, and measurements of the intracellular cAMP levels and GH release. Cells were transiently transfected with the gsp oncogene, and then treated with GHRH or octreotide for 4h. The sst1 and sst2 mRNA levels were measured using real-time RT-PCR analyses. RESULTS: GHRH receptor mRNA was detected in the GH3 cells permanently transfected with human GHRH receptor cDNA. The GHRH binding assay showed that GHRH was bound to the GH3-GHRHR cells. The GHRH treatment increased the intracellular cAMP levels, GH release, GH mRNA levels, and MAPK activity, as well as the levels of sst1 and sst2 mRNA. Transient expression of the gsp oncogene for 48h increased the cAMP, GH release, and levels of sst1 and sst2 mRNA. In the gsp-transfected GH3-GHRHR cells, GHRH stimulation resulted in decreases in the magnitude of the increase in the levels of sst1 and sst2 mRNA compared to those transfected with a control vector. Octreotide treatment did not alter the levels of sst1 and sst2 mRNA in either the control or gsp-transfected cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GH3 cells permanently transfected with the GHRH receptor are useful in the in vitro studies on the actions of GHRH. The gsp oncogene was shown to increases the levels of sst1 and sst2 mRNA in GH3 cells, but these findings are unlikely to be the major mechanism by which gsp-positive pituitary tumors show a greater response to somatostatin. The discrepancy between the in vivo and these in vitro results should be examined further.
Blotting, Northern ; Blotting, Western ; DNA, Complementary ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone* ; GTP-Binding Proteins* ; Humans ; Octreotide ; Oncogenes ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Plasmids ; Receptors, Somatostatin* ; RNA, Messenger* ; Somatostatin*

Fetus-in-fetu (FIF) is a rare congenital condition in which a fetiform mass is detected in the host abdomen and also in other sites such as the intracranium, thorax, head, and neck. This condition has been rarely reported in the literature. Herein, we report the case of a fetus presenting with abdominal cystic mass and ascites and prenatally diagnosed as meconium pseudocyst. Explorative laparotomy revealed an irregular fetiform mass in the retroperitoneum within a fluid-filled cyst. The mass contained intestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and finger. Fetal abdominal cystic mass has been identified in a broad spectrum of diseases. However, as in our case, FIF is often overlooked during differential diagnosis. FIF should also be differentiated from other conditions associated with fetal abdominal masses.
Abdomen ; Ascites ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diagnostic Errors ; Fetus ; Fingers ; Head ; Laparotomy ; Liver ; Meconium ; Neck ; Pancreas ; Peritonitis ; Thorax