A congenital salivary gland tumor, sialoblastoma, is extremely rare. A sialoblastoma of the parotid gland, occurring in a 28-week old fetus, is described. The histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of this tumor were studied. The tumor was characterized by solid nests or sheets of tumor cells intermingled with ductal structures lined by a columnar cells. Some of the tumor cells showed squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemically, these epidermoid cells reacted positively with anti-cytokeratin. But anti-S-100, anti- vimentin, anti-smooth muscle actin, anti-GFAP positive cells were not found. The ultrastructure was characterized by primitive epithelial cells. Although various names have been proposed, we favored the term "sialoblastoma". The histogenesis of this tumor is also discussed.
Actins ; Epithelial Cells ; Fetus ; Parotid Gland ; Salivary Glands ; Vimentin

During evaluation of follow-up curettage of endometrial hyperplasia after progesterone treatment, we have noticed that the foci of squamous or morular metaplasia are persistent or even markedly increased after the hyperplastic glands have all disappeared. These observations have led us to study the histological changes of squamous or morular metaplasia in the hyperplastic endometrium after progesterone treatment and to examine the changes of estrogen receptors(ER) and progesterone receptors(PR) to find out, if there is any pathogenetic role of progesterone administration on the squamous or morular metaplasia. Squamous or morular metaplasia was associated in 21 cases (13.5 %) out of 156 endometrial hyperplasia during the study periods and all of them were associated with complex hyperplasia, but not associated with simple hyperplasia. At follow-up curettage after progesterone treatment, squamous metaplasia newly appeared in 3 cases(20 %), markedly increased in 4 cases(26.7%), persisted in 4 cases(26.7%) and decreased in 4 cases(26.7%), even after hyperplastic glands have all disappeared or were markedly decreased. On immunohistochemical staining, metaplastic foci showed ER- and PR- in 13 cases (87 %) in contrast to the surrounding endometrium and the remaining 2 cases showed minimal ER+ and PR+ confined to several nuclei. Intensity or staining pattern of ER and PR in metaplastic foci were not changed with progesterone treatment. In the background endometrium, intensity of glandular ER+ and PR + was higher than that of the stroma at the initial curettage, however, progesterone treatment predominantly down-regulated glandular ER+ more than stromal ER+. Increment or persistence of squamous metaplasia along the progesterone treatment seemingly would implicate hormonal influences as playing a significant role in the formation of squamous or morular metaplasia and the absence of cellular receptors for these hormones in the metaplastic foci may suggest qualitative changes in the receptors.

No abstract available.
Arsenic* ; Keratosis*

There is room for debate in appropriate diagnosis and treatment due to physiological and anatomical differences in pediatric facial bone fractures from that of adult's. The objectives of this article is to analyze for our clinical cases and to suggest the appropriate management of facial bone fracture in children. The study included 56 children who had treatment for the craniofacial fractures form March, 1990 to February, 1998. Their ages ranged from 3 to 15. There were 38 males and 18 females. Physical examination, simple x-rays, ultrasonograms and routine CT scans were used for diagnosis. Materials were classified into 28 nasal bone fractures, 4 nasoethmoidal fractures, 6 orbital fractures, 8 mandible fractures, and 10 zygoma fractures. Patients were treated with conservative treatment in 9 cases, with closed reduction in 28 cases and open reduction only, and 14 patients with open reduction and internal fixation using microplates and screws. 3 patients needed autogenous calvarial bone graft. Plates and screws were removed in postoperative 3-6 months. All patients had successful union of fractured bones without no specific complications, and normal bony growths were noticed during the 7 years follow up. We conclude that surgeons should be careful in diagnosis and management for the pediatric facial fracture due to anatomical variations and differences in fracture aspects. First, it is mandatory for surgeous to get accurate diagnosis and identify children's fracture and displacement through routine CT check up along with physical examination. Second, it is important to perform the minimally invasive technique or conservative treatment for the children with mild displacement so that it reduces the incidence of growth retardation which may be caused by extensive operation. However, application of rigid fixation is necessary in case of extensive bony displacement or bony defects because of poor coorporation in postoperative care. Third, plates and screws which were used for the internal fixation should be removed at 3-6 months after the surgery. Fourth, if bone graft is needed, it is better to use autogenous graft than allogeneous graft. Fifth, care for dentition and follow up for growth are necessary for growing children.
Child ; Dentition ; Diagnosis ; Facial Bones* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mandible ; Nasal Bone ; Orbital Fractures ; Physical Examination ; Postoperative Care ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Transplants ; Ultrasonography ; Zygoma

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Unfortunately, the frequency of breast cancer and mastectomy are increasing in Korea. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of breast reconstruction using free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous(TRAM) flap and to suggest the operative technique for more satisfactory results. 19 patients underwent immediate breast reconstruction from 1990 to 1998, and we experienced 2 cases of bilateral immediate reconstruction of breasts following mastectomy. We have performed the free TRAM flaps based on the deep inferior epigastric vessels using microvascular technique. TRAM flap included very small portion of rectus sheath and muscle-so called muscle sparing technique. So it reduced markedly donor site morbidity. The postoperative course of these cases was uneventful with minor complication. The free TRAM flap was an excellent method of immediate breast reconstruction using autogenous tissue and provided satisfactory outcome. The goals of the immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy are to restore body image, to achieve near normal shape of breast, and to reduce the complications. This paper represents our experience of immediate breast reconstruction using free TRAM flap, and technical options to get more satisfactory result and reduce the complications. We think this method could be regarded as the first choice for immediate breast reconstruction.
Body Image ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Mammaplasty* ; Mastectomy ; Rectus Abdominis* ; Tissue Donors

Gestational trophoblastic disease associated with the tubal pregnancy is uncommon, and the incidence has been described as 1/5000 tubal pregnancy. We have experienced a case of metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease(GTD) in the lung occuring with complete hydatidiform mole arising in tubal pregnancy. The patient was a 39-year-old, G4P2A2L2 woman with amenorrhea for 5 weeks. Ectopic pregnancy in the right fallopian tube was suspected on transvaginal ultrasonogram. A right adnexectomy was performed. The fallopian tube was markedly dilated and ruptured. The right ovary and a round hematoma had adhered to the external surface of the fallopian tube. On gross examination, no molar tissue was identified. On microscopic examination, the lumen of the dilated fallopian tube was filled with blood clots admixed with several chorionic villi showing hydropic swelling and marked proliferation of atypical trophoblasts. Proliferating syncytio-and cytotrophoblasts invaded the wall of the blood vessels of the fallopian tube and sheets of trophoblasts and some villi were identified in the lumen of blood vessels. Multiple pulmonary nodules thought to be metastatic nodules were identified in the chest X-ray and serum beta-HCG had increased 2 weeks later. This case indicates that a careful pathological examination in the ectopic pregnancy is mandatory, because tubal GTD is not clinically distinguishable from ordinary tubal pregnancy.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis

The immunoreactivities of surgically removed 16 cardiac myxomas were studies for factor VIII-related Ag (F VIII-RA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I) and desmin alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and this study was accompained by a clinicopathologic review. More than 50% of the patients with cardiac myxomas were in their fourth and fifth decades, and cardiac myxomas were much more common in women than in men. All but on occurred in the left atrium, and the majority were attached to the atrial septum, usually in the region corresponding to the fossa ovalis. In one case, an atrial myxoma recurred 37 months after the initial excision. Microscopically, the myxomas contained a myxoid matrix composed of acid mucopolysaccharides within which were embedded polygonal cells. The cells forming both the surface and complicated vascular like channels throuhout the myxoid stroma tested positive for F VIII-RA and UEA-I. The outer cell layers of the complex vascular structures demonstrated variable staining for F VIII-RA, while isolated bundles of smooth muscle cells were present and stained for desmin. A small number of the so-called myxoma cells, immunoreactive for alpha1-antichymotrypsin which were not laden with hemosiderin pigment but were similar to histiocytes, were present particularly around the areas of hemorrhage. These findings support the current view that cellular and histologic heterogeneity arose from the divergent differentiation of multipotential mesenchymal cells. In particular, it remains to be confirmed by further study whether or not true histiocytic differentiation occurs.
Female ; Male ; Humans

Microsurgical reconstruction is necessary for children to correct severe trauma and congenital or acuqired deformity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not microsurgical reconstruction is a safe and reliable operation in children and to analyze the differences of microsurgical reconstruction in children compared to adults. The study included 12 children who underwent 13 microsurgical reconstructions among a total of 251 cases of microsurgical reconstruction from May, 1986 to August, 1998. Their ages ranged from 24 months to 14 years and 8 months. There were 7 males and 6 females. The involved sites were 9 legs, 3 hands and 1 face. The causes of microsurgical reconstruction were 9 traumas, 2 congenital anomalies, 1 acquired deformity and 1 cancer. The applied flaps were 4 scapular flaps, 2 rectus abdominis muscle flaps, 1 de-epithelized groin flap, 1 lateral arm flap, 1 forearm tendocutaneous flap, 1 forearm tendocutaneous flap, 1 latissimus dorsi muscle flap, 1 fibula flap, 1 second toe transfer, and 1 wrap-around flap. All patients have had normal growth of the donor and recipient sites without specific complications during an average 2 years follow-up. We concluded that microvascular reconstruction is a very useful and reliable procedure in children if it is performed in consideration of each child's specific characteristics and conditions.
Adult ; Arm ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Fibula ; Follow-Up Studies ; Forearm ; Groin ; Hand ; Humans ; Leg ; Male ; Rectus Abdominis ; Superficial Back Muscles ; Tissue Donors ; Toes

Polypoid prolapse of mucosal folds can occur at various sites and in various conditions predominantly associated with strain during defecation. There are two well known types of mucosal prolapse syndrome(MPS), the inflammatory cloacogenic polyp(ICP) and the mucosal redundant polyp associated with diverticular disease(N4RPD). ICP is a mucosal prolapse of the anorectal junction and MRPD is a proximal analogue involving the sigmoid colon. We experienced two cases of eroded polypoid hyperplasia(EPH) of the rectosigmoid colon which manifested as a huge gyriform mass simulating the gross features of gastrointestinal lymphomas or other malignant tumors. The EPH consisted of confluent polypoid mucosal folds with rolled-up submucosa to form stalk, The polypoid lesion represented hyperplastic epithelium, erosion of the mucosal surface and congestive vascular ectasia of lamina propria and submucosa. To explain the whole morphologic features, the initial phenomenon should be the mucosal prolapse. Vascular stretching with ischemic erosion of the mucosal surface and compensatory epithelial hyperplasia ensue as the result. The ominous endoscopic and gross features of EPH should be kept in mind to avoid erroneous radical surgery.

CD44 is a hyaluronic acid receptor that exists as a standard 90-kd form (CD44H) as well as several CD44 variants isoforms are produced through alternative splicing. Alternatively spliced variants of the CD44 molecule have been found to be associated with invasive and metastatic potential of cancer cells and poor prognosis in several types of carcinoma. The purpose of the present study is to define the expression of CD44H and CD44v6 in ovarian tumors and to investigate whether the expression of these molecules is associated with adverse prognosis. We evaluated the expression of CD44 isoforms in 58 ovarian tumors by means of immunohistochemistry, and correlated between CD44 expression and the histologic types, tumor grade, peritoneal implants, pseudomyxoma peritonei and FIGO stage. While the CD44H was commonly expressed in ovarian tumors, the CD44v6 was expressed in a minor proportion of serous tumors in comparison with frequent expression of v6 isoform in mucinous tumors. The CD44H expression was significantly higher in stage I/II than in stage III. However, there was no correlation between the expression of CD44 and the presence of peritoneal implants or pseudomyxoma peritonei. These results suggest that CD44H could play an important role in the adhesive function in the lower stage of the ovarian tumor and reduced expression in the higher stage might be related to the metastasis and widespread invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells.
Adhesives ; Alternative Splicing ; Female ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ovary ; Prognosis ; Protein Isoforms ; Pseudomyxoma Peritonei