It is well known that differentiation and growth of central nervous system are accomplished through relatively early stages of development. The formation of neural synapse indicates beginning of electrical signaling between neurons, so that may be a critical step in the differentiation of neurons as well as the development and growth of central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential expression levels and patterns of synaptic marker (synaptophysin) between superficial and deep layers of cerebral cortex according to the developmental stages. We introduced immunofluorescence staining of synaptophysin combined with densitometric analysis for the morphological quantification. The intensities of synaptophysin immuno-reactivities in deep layers of cerebral cortices were significantly higher compared to superficial layers in cerebral cortices of embryonic and neonatal mice. The significant increase of synaptophysin expression in the deep layer of cerebral cortex was mainly confined to the embryonic stage. As the expression of synaptophysin gradually decrease thereafter, the difference of expression level between superficial and deep layers could not find in the adult mice. From this study, we could confirm indirectly through synaptophysin that synaptogenic activities in the deep layer of cerebral cortex shows unique pattern especially during the early stages of brain development. Results from this study will be helpful for understanding different patterns of synaptogenesis among the various regions of developing brain.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebral Cortex ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Mice ; Neurons ; Synapses ; Synaptophysin

It is well known that differentiation and growth of central nervous system are accomplished through relatively early stages of development. The formation of neural synapse indicates beginning of electrical signaling between neurons, so that may be a critical step in the differentiation of neurons as well as the development and growth of central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential expression levels and patterns of synaptic marker (synaptophysin) between superficial and deep layers of cerebral cortex according to the developmental stages. We introduced immunofluorescence staining of synaptophysin combined with densitometric analysis for the morphological quantification. The intensities of synaptophysin immuno-reactivities in deep layers of cerebral cortices were significantly higher compared to superficial layers in cerebral cortices of embryonic and neonatal mice. The significant increase of synaptophysin expression in the deep layer of cerebral cortex was mainly confined to the embryonic stage. As the expression of synaptophysin gradually decrease thereafter, the difference of expression level between superficial and deep layers could not find in the adult mice. From this study, we could confirm indirectly through synaptophysin that synaptogenic activities in the deep layer of cerebral cortex shows unique pattern especially during the early stages of brain development. Results from this study will be helpful for understanding different patterns of synaptogenesis among the various regions of developing brain.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebral Cortex ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Mice ; Neurons ; Synapses ; Synaptophysin

The formation of neural synapses according to the development and growth of neurite were usually studied with various markers. Of these markers, synaptophysin is a kind of synaptic protein located in the synaptic vesicle of neuron or neuroendocrine cell known to be distributed consistently in all neural synapses. The purpose of this study was to investigate differential expression levels and patterns of synaptic marker (synaptophysin) in the mouse hippocampal region according to the developmental stages of embryonic, neonatal, and adulthood respectively. In the embryonic and neonatal groups, synaptophysin immunofluorescence was almost defined to cornu ammonis subfields (CA1 and CA3) of hippocampus and subiculum proper in the hippocampal region. However in dentate gyrus, synaptophysin immunoreactivities were insignificant or absent in all developmental stages. In embryonic and neonatal hippocampus, the intensities of immunofluorescence were significantly different between molecular and oriens layers. Furthermore, those intensities were decreased considerably in both layers of neonatal group compared to embryonic. The results from this study will contribute to characterizing synaptogenic activities in the central nervous system through developmental stages.
Animals ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Dentate Gyrus ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Growth and Development ; Hippocampus ; Mice ; Neurites ; Neuroendocrine Cells ; Neurons ; Synapses ; Synaptic Vesicles ; Synaptophysin

The formation of neural synapses according to the development and growth of neurite were usually studied with various markers. Of these markers, synaptophysin is a kind of synaptic protein located in the synaptic vesicle of neuron or neuroendocrine cell known to be distributed consistently in all neural synapses. The purpose of this study was to investigate differential expression levels and patterns of synaptic marker (synaptophysin) in the mouse hippocampal region according to the developmental stages of embryonic, neonatal, and adulthood respectively. In the embryonic and neonatal groups, synaptophysin immunofluorescence was almost defined to cornu ammonis subfields (CA1 and CA3) of hippocampus and subiculum proper in the hippocampal region. However in dentate gyrus, synaptophysin immunoreactivities were insignificant or absent in all developmental stages. In embryonic and neonatal hippocampus, the intensities of immunofluorescence were significantly different between molecular and oriens layers. Furthermore, those intensities were decreased considerably in both layers of neonatal group compared to embryonic. The results from this study will contribute to characterizing synaptogenic activities in the central nervous system through developmental stages.
Animals ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Dentate Gyrus ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Growth and Development ; Hippocampus ; Mice ; Neurites ; Neuroendocrine Cells ; Neurons ; Synapses ; Synaptic Vesicles ; Synaptophysin

To determine geographical patterns of natural parasite infections among wild rodents, a total of 46 wild rodents from 3 different localities in northern Gangwon-do (Province), Korea were examined for intestinal parasite infections. Along with nematodes such as hookworms and Syphacia spp., Plagiorchis muris (2 specimens) (Trematoda) were collected from striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius. In a Korean wood mouse, Apodemus peninsulae, the overall nematode infections were similar to A. agrarius, but an adult worm of Echinostoma hortense (Trematoda) was collected. In addition, 2 species of cestodes, i.e., Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta, were collected from A. agrarius. Through this survey, A. agrarius and A. peninsule were confirmed as the natural definite hosts for zoonotic intestinal helminths, i.e., P. muris, E. hortense, H. nana, and H. diminuta, in northern Gangwon-do, Korea. Considering increased leisure activities around these areas, seasonal and further comprehensive surveys on wild rodents seem to be needed to prevent zoonotic parasite infections.
Animals ; Cestoda/isolation & purification ; Cestode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Geography ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Murinae ; Nematoda/isolation & purification ; Nematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology/*parasitology ; Trematoda/isolation & purification ; Trematode Infections/epidemiology/parasitology/*veterinary ; Zoonoses